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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR 
COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 

O. H. TITTMANN, Superintendent 



ARCTIC TIDES 



By ROLLIN A. HARRIS 

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1911 



s- 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR 

U . S COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 

O. H. TITTMANN. Superintendent 



ARCTIC TIDES 



By ROLLIN A. HARRIS 

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1911 



Ur 



^'^ 



Pi 



3 

^ 



P E E F A 0:E^ 



In preparing this paper one of the principal aims has been to bring together in 
one form or another practically all available results pertaining to tides in Arctic 
waters. Although the quality of the results varies widely, the advantages of having 
all important tidal evidence in one publication are self-evident. 

In connection with the work, numerous harmonic analyses have been made, 
and considerable labor has been expended unifying nonharmonic results taken from 
various sources. Harmonic analyses thus recently made are for the following 
stations: Cape Bryant, Cape Sheridan, Polaris Bay, Fort Conger, Point Aldrich, 
Van Rensselaer Harbor, Port Foulke, Port Kennedy, Northumberland Sound, Winter 
Harbor, Flaxman Island, Treurenberg, and Port Virgo. 

The remarkably accurate tidal observations along the northern coast of Grant 
Land and Greenland made by the recent expedition of Robert E. Peary, U. S. N., 
are published in considerable detail. The tidal observations at Flaxman Island 
and vicinity made by the expedition under Messrs. Mikkelsen and Leffingwell to the 
northern coast of Alaska, although not so extensive as those of the Peary expedition, 
are nevertheless of great value and are likewise published in considerable detail. 

Undoubtedly many explorers have neglected their opportunities for observing 
and recording Arctic tides because the amount of rise and fall is generally inconsid- 
erable, and because the possible bearing of this phenomenon upon polar problems 
was not fuUy realized. At the present time observations are especially desired in 
the following regions or localities: The outer coasts of Prince Patrick Island and 
Banks Land, the coasts of Mackenzie Province, the northwestern coast of Alaska, 
Wrangell Island, and the Arctic coasts of Siberia. 

The Russian Government has recently made tidal observations in Taimur Bay 
and on one of the New Siberian Islands; but, unfortunately for this discussion, the 
results are not as yet at hand. 

R. A. H. 

Washington, October, 1910. 



CONTENTS, 



CHAPTER I.— RECENT OBSERVATIONS TAKEN ON THE NORTHERN COASTS OF GRANT 
LAND, GREENLAND, AND ALASKA. 

Page. 

Tidal work undertaken by Robert E. Peary, U. S. N 7 

Time used 7 

Bench marks and tide staves — Record secured 8 

Hourly heights of the tide: 

Cape Sheridan 10 

Point Aldrich, Cape Columbia 19 

Cape Bryant , 20 

Cape Morris Jesup 21 

Fort Conger 22 

High and low waters: 

Cape Sheridan 22 

Point Aldrich, Cape Columbia 28 

Cape Bryant 29 

Cape Morris Jesup ^ , 29 

Fort Conger 30 

Tidal work undertaken by Mikkelsen and Leffingwell 30 

Hourly heights of the tide at Flaxman Island, Alaska 31 

High and low waters at Flaxman Island, Alaska 33 

Meteorology, northern coasts of Grant Land and Greenland 34 

CHAPTER II.— HARMONIC CONSTANTS FOR ARCTIC SEAS. 

Harmonic constants for stations north of the sixtieth parallel 39 

Table of harmonic constants, tidal hours, etc 40 

CHAPTER III.— NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES, AND THE SET OF THE CURRENTS. 

Remarks on nonharmonic methods of reducing observations 44 

Correcting observed ranges and intervals 48 

Collection of intervals, ranges, etc 50 

Results from short series of tide observations 68 

Erroneous tidal data near meridian 141° W 80 

Direction of tidal streams and of apparent wave progression 80, 82, 83 

Quotations relative to the direction of the flood tide at Point Barrow 80 

Nontidal or drift cun-ents in the Arctic Regions 84 

CHAPTER IV.— DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF RESULTS. 

Cotidal charts 86 

Imperfect equilibrium tides. 86 

Amphidromic regions 88 

Necessity for a tract of land, an archipelago, or an area of shallow water in the Arctic Ocean 90 

Shape and size of hypothetical land 91 

Semidaily tides in Arctic waters 92 

Diurnal tides in Arctic waters 96 

Concerning Nansen's hypothesis that deep water extends continuously from Spitzbergen to Alaska. 101 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Fig. 1. Arctic currents and land according to A. Petermann, 1865 84 

Fig. 2. Reproduction of Nansen's bathymetrical chart 98 

Fig. 3. Cotidal lines for the Arctic Regions 104 

5 



ARCTIC TIDES. 



CHAPTER I. 



RECENT OBSERVATIONS TAKEN ON THE NORTHERN COASTS OF GRANT 
LAND, GREENLAND, AND ALASKA. 

Previous to his departure for explorations in the north polar regions in 1908, 
Civil Engineer R. E. Peary, U. S. Navy, was ordered by the Secretary of the Navy 
to report for duty in the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and by direction of the President 
the Superintendent instructed him to make tidal observations at various points on 
the Grant Land and Greenland shores of the polar sea (see H. Rept. No. 791, 61st 
Cong., 2dsess.). The observations given below (pp 10-30) were made by the Peary 
Polar Expedition of 1908-9 in pursuance of these instructions. The object was to 
secure observations along the northern coasts of Grant Land and Greenland at a 
sufficient number of places for determining the tides in that region, it being the 
belief that such observations might throw light upon the possible existence of a 
"considerable land mass in the unknown area of the Arctic Ocean." 

Systematic tidal and meteorological observations were carried on day and night 
at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich (near Cape Columbia), Cape Bryant, Cape Morris 
Jesup, and Fort Conger. The amount of record secured is given below in remarks 
relating to the several stations at wliich observations were carried on. 

TIME USED. 

Tln-oughout this expedition the kind of time used was Intercolonial, or sixtieth 
meridian. The watches of the tide observers were compared with chronometer, 
Bliss, No. 2998. This clu-onometer was compared with Greenwich mean time before 
and after the expedition, with the following results : 

Julys, 1908, fast, G. M. T min. 25.8 sec. 

Predicted daily rate, losing 0.2 sec. 

October 7, 1909, fast, G. M. T 17 min. 12.9 sec. 

Average daily rate, 461 days, gaining 2.2 sec. 

The observers at Cape Sheridan made frequent comparisons between watch and 
chronometer. 

The watch used in making the Cape Columbia and Cape Morris Jesup observa- 
tions read "very close" (or within a minute) to chronometer time upon the return 
of the observing parties to the ship. 

The watch used at Fort Conger lost, according to chronometer, 1 minute 35 
seconds between June 7 and June 30. 

7 



« AKCTIC TIDES. 

As a check upon the reliability of the time corrections, may be mentioned the 
value of M2° for Fort Conger, derived from MacMillan's observations taken in com- 
parison with the value obtained from the long series of observations obtained by 
the Greely expedition. (See table of harmonic constants, pp. 40-43.) A comparison 
between lunitidal intervals at Fort Conger for the same two series affords another 
check. (See table of lunitidal intervals, pp. 50-67.) A comparison between the values 
of Mo° for Cape Sheridan as derived from the Peary expeditions of 1905-6 and 1908-9 
(pp. 40-43) affords still another check, but as no time notes were given in connection 
with the earlier observations there is a small uncertainty in the time relations. 

Because of the frequency of the readings, it was a simple matter to take the time 
corrections into account. The tabulations published below therefore show the 
heights for the exact hours, true time. 

BENCH MARKS AND TIDE STAVES — RECORD SECURED. 

Cape SJieridan. — The bench mark at Cape Sheridan is the top of a driven iron 
pipe. The pipe is surrounded by a biscuit tin planted in a mound of gravel. The 
zero of the tide staff was 11 feet 5 inches below the top of the pipe. The staff was 
located 275 feet true north from the bench mark. It was held in a vertical position 
by means of stones placed around it. 

An igloo was built over the staff. A well hole tlu-ough the ice and surrounding 
the staff enabled the observer to read with great accuracy the elevation of the water's 
surface. Heat was supplied by means of an oil stove. A similar arrangement 
obtained at Point Aldrich and Cape Bryant. 

Observations were commenced on November 12, 1908, and continued to June 
30, 1909. The record consists of hourly staff readings and intermediate readings 
taken every ten minutes during most of the time. The total loss of hourly readings 
amounts to 31 hours. Hourly readings of the barometer and thermometer are also 
given. 

Point Aldrich, Cape Columhia. — The bench mai'k at Point Aldrich, Cape Colum- 
bia, is the top of a three-fourths inch pipe driven into the crushed rock at the foot of 
Independence Bluff. The staff was 77 feet 9 inches south 8° west (magnetic) from 
the bench mark. Repeated sights taken throughout the month showed the staff to 
have remained stable with reference to the bench mark, its zero being 8.37 feet 
below the bench mark. A cairn containing records was built over the bench mark. 

The tide staff was firmly fastened to two large boxes filled with rocks and rest- 
ing upon the bottom. The depth of water was 9 feet and the thickness of the ice 
3 feet 4 inches. The bottom was hard and sandy. Old pack ice, evidently resting 
upon the bottom, lay a short distance seaward. It was noted by the observer that 
"a sudden rise and fall seemed always to follow a phenomenal cracking of the ice 
foot." 

Observations were commenced on November 16 and continued to December 14, 
1908. The record consists of hourly staff readings throughout this period, gen- 
erally supplemented by more frequent readings. Hourly readings of the barometer 
and thermometer are also given. 

Cape Bryant.— The bench mark at Cape Bryant is the top of a driven pipe. 
The pipe is surrounded by a biscuit tin planted in a mound of dirt. The zero of the 



RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



9 



tide staff was 11 feet below the top of the pipe. The tide staff' bore due north fTom 
the bench mark, distance 52 feet. 

Observations were commenced on January 15 and continued to February 13, 
1909. The record consists of hourly staff readings throughout this period and inter- 
mediate readings taken every ten minutes during most of the time. Hourly read- 
ings of the barometer and thermometer are also given. 

Ca'pe Morris Jesup. — Observations at Cape Morris Jesup were commenced on 
May 13 and continued to May 23, 1909. The record consists of hourly staff readings, 
generally supplemented by more frequent readings. The total loss of hourly read- 
ings amounts to 5 hours. Hourly readings of the barometer and thermometer are 
also given. 

Fort Conger. — The bench mark at Fort Conger is the top of an iron pipe driven 
into the ground. The pipe is surrounded by a brick pier and is situated between 
the remains of the old house at Fort Conger and the shore hne. The zero of the 
tide staff was 25 feet 9j inches below the top of the pipe. The staff was fastened to 
an iron rod driven into the mud. 

Observations were commenced on June 10 and continued to June 25, 1909. 
The record consists of hourly staff readings throughout this period and intermediate 
readings taken every ten minutes during most of the time. Hourly readings of the 
barometer and thermometer are also given. 

The staff zero was in every case kept at a fixed height throughout the observa- 
tion period. At Cape Columbia, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger the staves 
were not once knocked down. 

The principal results of harmonic analyses of these observations are given in 
the next chapter. The more complete results for Cape Sheridan are, however, given 
below. All constants from recent analyses have been cleared of the disturbing 
effects due to other components by means of rules and tables given on pages 545- 
557, 573, 587, and 588, Coast and Geodetic Survey Keport for 1897, and pages 504 
and 506-519, Eeport for 1907 (Manual of Tides, Parts II and V). The values of 
the intervals and ranges obtained from tabulating the high and low waters will be 
found in the table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. (Chap. Ill, pp. 50, 51). 

Results ofJiarmonic analysis ofJiourly ordinates for Ckipe Sheridan {191\ days, begin- 
ning OTi. Novemler IS, 1908). 





H. 


K. 




H. 


K. 


1;;; 
1;;;; 

o^.. 


Feet. 
0. 1550 
0. 1039 
0. 0255 
0. 8086 
0. 0124 
0. 0076 
0. 1417 
0. 0882 


298.1 
348.0 
329.6 
303.5 
358.2 
180.0 
274.9 
278.3 


Pi 

1:::::. 

S. 

T..... 

P-2 


Feet. 
0. 0528 
0. 0130 
0. 3780 
0. 0044 
0. 0354 
0..0165 
0. 0326 


295.8 
265.1 
351.6 
133.4 
43.3 
235.0 
283.6 



The observed times and heights of the high and low waters are given in tabular 
form following the table of hourly heights. 



10 



ARCTIC TIDES, 



Hourly heights of the tide at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant;, Oape Morris 
Jesup, and Fort Conger. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets Indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND. 



5 
6 

7 

9 

10 
11 
Noon. 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 



November, 1908. 



1.05 
1.25 
1.68 
2.12 
2.56 
2.87 
3.00 
2.91 
2.63 
2.20 
1.81 
1.53 
1.43 
1.60 
1.90 
2.30 
2.68 



Feet. 
3.01 
3.12 
3.00 
2.60 
2.12 
1.61 
1.22 
1.01 
1.04 
1.24 
1.65 

2.36 
2.57 

2.54 
2.35 
2.02 
1.83 

1.71 
1.91 
2.18 
2.53 



14. 


15. 


16. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


2.83 


2.79 


2.20 


3.10 


3.04 


2.35 


3.25 


3.14 


2.45 


3.02 


3.14 


2.50 


2.68 


3.06 


2.43 


2.30 
1.96 


2.73 
2.45 


2.34 
2.^5 


1.74 


2.18 


1.91 


1.60 


2.00 


1.75 


1.70 


1.88 


1.55 


1.88 


1.94 


1.38 


2.26 


2.11 


1.38 


2.50 


2.34 


1.41 


2.79 


2.52 


1.55 


2.90 


2.64 


1.69 


2.94 


2.72 


1.82 


2.86 


2.68 


1.91 


2.65 


2.57 


1.95 


2.40 


2.51 


1.92 


2.22 


2.36 


1.84 


2.12 


2.20, 


1.75 


2.16 


2.04 


1.64 


2.31 


2.00 


1.54 


2.57 


2.02 


1.46 



November, 1908— Continued. 



1.11 
[0.99] 



Feet. 
3.49 
3.45 



1.98 
1.46 
1.08 
1.04 
1.32 
1.82 
2.37 



2.20 
1.72 
1.38 
1.24 
1.43 

2.36 
2.84 
3.31 



1.70 
1.99 



3.29 
2.70 
2.17 
1.73 
1.51 
1.55 
1.81 
2.27 
2.85 
3.12 



3.27 
2.90 
2.55 
2.26 
2.11 
2.17 
2.47 



Feet. 
3.57 
3.81 
3.79 
3.69 
3.26 
2.84 
2.39 
2.02 



3.50 
3.50 

2.98 
2.07 
2.38 
2.31 
2.36 
2.55 
2.85 



Feet. 
3.11 
3.38 
3.47 
3.47 
3.29 
2.94 
2.56 
2.20 
1.96 
1.78 

2.04 
2.38 
2.66 
2.90 
3.14 
3.15 
2.96 
2.76 
2.53 
2.31 
2.17 
2.18 



Feet. 
1.44 
[1.54] 



1.67 
1.49 
1.30 
1.20 
1.16 
1.20 
1.33 
1.46 
1.64 
1.86 
2.00 
2.00 
1.92' 
1.74 
1.50 
1.36 



Feet. 
2.49 
2.73 
2.96 



3.02 
2.78 
2.52 
2.19 
1.94 



2.98 
3.07 
2.98 
2.85 
2.61 
2.37 
2.18 
2.10 



Feet. 
1.22 
1.17 

1.17 



0.71 
0.81 
1.03 
1.24 
1.50 

1.71 
1.73 
1.45 
1.22 



Feet. 
2.13 
2.24 
2.43 
2.64 
2.79 
2.89 
2.89 
2.76 

2.25 
1.94 



2.33 
2.63 



Feet. 
0.95 

0.76 
0.72 
0.78 
0.99 
1.19 
1.36 
1.54 
1.60 
1.61 
1.46 
1.18 
0.89 
0.70 
0.58 
0.70 
0.80 
1.06 



2.00 
1.97 
1.78 
1.53 



1.97 
2.19 
2.47 



2.78 
2.52 
2.25 
1.96 



1.72 
1.97 
2.29 
2.64 
2.95 
3.17 
3.20 
3.03 
2.71 
2.27 



Feet. 
1.21 
0.96 
0.76 
0.70 
0.89 
1.18 
1.46 
1.74 

2.06 
1.94 
1.70 
1.32 
0.96 
0.75 
0.71 
0.85 
1.16 
1.56 
1.93 
2.21 
2.35 



Feet. 
1.54 
1.09 
0.74 
0.51 



1.07 
1.52 
1.84 
2.03 
2.07 
1.81 
1.41 
1.00 
0.65 
0.47 
0.53 
0.79 
1.15 
. 1.59 

2.20 
2.20 
1.94 



Feet. 

1.14 

0.31 
0.22 
0.35 
0.74 
1.05 
1.60 
1.97 
2.19 
2.09 
1.77 
1.31 
0.87 
0.54 
0.44 
0.61 
1.01 
1.54 



December, 1908. 



1.73 
1.70 
1.85 
2.11 
2.41 
2.75 
3.03 
3.14 
3.06 
2.79 
2.42 



3.05 
3.35 
3.59 
3.55 
3.25 
2.87 



Feet. 
2.37 
2.05 



2.02 
2.30 
2.69 
3.15 
3.41 
3.62 
3.54 
3.22 



3.00 
3.57 
4.04 
4.15 
3.97 
3.51 



2.16 



2.16 
2.71 
[3.11] 



2.31 
2.02 
1.97 
2.26 
2.76 
3.34 
3.80 
4.09 
4.11 
3.86 



Feet. 
2.00 
1.50 
[0. 98] 
0.44 
0.13 
0.14 
0.47 
0.96. 
1.45 
1.85 
2.21 
2.24 
2.06 

1.00 
0.62 
0.37 
0.42 
0.76 
1.22 
1.81 
2.26 
2.51 



Feet. 
3.41 
2.79 
2.21 
1.76 



2.06 
2.57 



3.03 
2.53 
2.15 



2.60 
3.11 
3.73 
4.11 



Feet. 
2.18 
1.75 
1.17 
0.64 
0.20 
0.02 

0.64 
1.18 
1.70 
2.12 
2.33 
2.25 



0-49 
0.37 
0.59 
1.03 
1.59 
2.13 
2.49 
2.62 



2.33 
].94 
1.90 
2.14 
2.56 
3.15 
3.68 
4.02 
4.U 



2.04 
[1.52] 

0.31 
-0.08 
-0.09 
0.23 
0.71 
1.23 
1.74 
2.10 
2.18 
1.94 
1.40 
0.94 



0.54 
1.06 
1.67 
2.13 



=. I 



3.50 
2.91 
2.29 
1.75 
1.45 
1.56 
1.94 
2.47 
2.97 
3.41 
3.77 



2.70 
2.28 
2.08 
2.15 
2.62 
3.05 
3.60 
4.07 



RECENT TIDAL. OBSERVATIONS. 



11 



Hourly heigJds of the tide at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Cape Morris 
Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Braoliets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND-Continued. 



December, 1908— Continued. 



10 
11 
Noon. 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 



Feet. 
4.34 
4.06 
3.56 
2.99 
2.40 
1.96 
1.81 
2.08 
2.44 
2.88 
3.31 
3.71 
3.95 
3.90 
3.57 
3.08 
2.58 

2.17 
2.31 
2.67 
3.13 



Feet. 
4.08 



2.50 
2.04 
1.67 
1.68 
1.92 
2.37 
2.76 
3.17 
3.46 
3.57 
3.49 
3.16 
2.72 
2.27 

2.09 
2.33 
2.51 



Feet. 
3.73 
3.85 
3.69 
3.32 
2.74 
2.23 
1.84 



2.16 
2.57 
2.99 



3.55 
3.36 

2.5*9 
2.42 
2.26 
2.39 
2.63 
3.03 
3.39 



3.53 
3.13 



2.41 
2.73 



3.38 
3.16 
2.87 
2.65 
2.40 
2.37 
2.44 
2.69 



Feet. 
3.28 



3.53 
3.25 
2.84 
2.45 
2.17 



2.39 
2.61 

3.02 
3.21 

3.25 
3.11 



2.44 
2.37 
2.45 



Feet. 
2.76 
3.03 
3.21 
3.17 
3.03 
2.72 
2.46 
2.16 

1 '■'' 
1.81 
1.82 

I 1.98 
2.21 
2.43 
2.63 

2.91 
2.81 
2.64 
2.42 
2.25 
2.11 
2.07 



Feet. 
2.27 
2.44 
2.64 
2.78 



2.19 
2.01 
1.92 
1.94 
2.03 
2.20 
2.41 
2.62 
2.83 
2.88 
2.85 
2.72 
2.56 
2.40 



Feet. 
1.78 
1.70 



2.28 


1.80 


2.44 


1.95 


2.54 


2.12 


2.58 


2.28 


2.53 


2.43 


2.45 


2.51 


2.29 


2.45 


2.09 


2.30 


1.84 


2.08 


1.76 


1.90 



1.76 
1.81 
1.94 
2.13 
2.38 
2.59 
2.69 
2.69 

2.39 
2.19 
1.96 



1.79 

1.83 
1.94 

2.80 
2.95 
2.93 
2.78 



Feet. 
1.96 



1.79 
1.98 
2.20 
2.40 
2.60 
2.72 
2.68 
2.52 
2.21 
1.98 
1.83 
1.83 
1.92 
2.17 
2.43 
2.79 



Feet. 
2.25 
1.91 
1.74 
1.74 
1.79 
1.98 
2.29 
2.61 
2.85 
2.97 
2.84 



3.32 
3.06 



2.16 
1.80 

1.58 
1.83 
2.22 
2.58 
2.93 
3.19 
3.21 



2.06- 
2.29 
2.68 
3.11 
3.48 
3.70 
3.71 
3.54 



Feet. 
3.12 
2.61 
2.14 
1.77 
1.61 
1.68 



1.91 
2.27 
2.77 
3.24 



Feet. 
3.29 
2.81 
2.16 
1.70 
1.29 
1.18 



2.82 
3.05 
3.31 
3.18 
2.79 
2.29 
1.86 
1.58 
1.55 
1.80 
2.29 
2.81 



i Hour. 



December, 1908— Continued. 



Noon. 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 



3.06 
2.51 
1.84 
1.34 
1.00 
1.07 
1.40 
1.89 
2.46 
2.92 



2.64 
2.16 
1.78 
1.53 
1.71 
2.04 
2.65 
3.18 
3.72 



Feet. 
3.96 
3.93 
3.28 
2.77 
2.15 
1.74 
1.59 
1.71 
2.25 
2.76 

3.80 
3.94 



2.18 
2.07 
2.20 

3.11 
3.66 
4.05 



Feet. 
4.12 
4.05 
3.66 
3.18 
2.49 
1.82 
1.45 
1.41 



3.71 
3.51 
3.09 
2.49 
2.05 
1.80 
1.75 
2.01 
2.50 



Feet. 
3.80 



2.82 
2.19 



I 1.85 
j 2.33 
I 2.94 
3.52 
I 3.95 
! 4.07 



4.22 
4.00 
3.50 
2.99 
2.35 
2.00 
1.85 
1.91 
2.24 
2.65 



Feet. 
3.21 
3.55 
3.79 
3.75 
3.67 
3.19 
2.69 
2.17 



Feet. 
2.79 
3.15 



3.07 



2.99 
2.64 



1.93 


2.35 


1.90 


2.10 


2.06 


2.03 


2.37 


2.10 


2.75 


2.41 


3.13 


2.78 


3.49 


3.07 


3.69 


3.37 


3.68 


3.45 


3.36 


3.49 



2.60 
39 2. 33 
37 I 2. 17 
62 ; 2.14 
06 i 2.31 
44 I 2.77 



2.72 
2.51 
2.37 



Feet. 
2.20 
2.48 
2.80 
3.06 
3.20 
3.18 
3.00 

2.48 
2.17 
1.97 
1.86 
2.00 
2.20 
2.50 
2.78 



2.52 
2.15 
1.96 



Feet. 
1.91 
1.99 
2.30 
2.50 
2.79 
2.98 



2.34 
2.16 
2.06 
2.11 
2.30 
2.60 

3.24 



3.19 
2.84 
2.50 



Feet. 
2.19 
2.04 
2.11 
2.33 
2.59 
2.89 
3.04 
3.17 
3.20 
3.08 
2.85 



3.78 
3.75 
3.49 
2.89 



Feet. 
2.50 
2.18 
2.12 
2.15 
2.30 
2.56 
2.80 
3.10 
3.28 
3.39 
3.24 



2.22 
2.38 
2.72 
3.10 
3.48 
3.70 
3.78 



Feet. 
2.73 
2.30 
1.99 
1.83 
1.91 
2.10 
2.40 
2.70 
3.04 
3.27 



3.00 
2.60 
2.25 
2.09 
2.10 
2.37 
2.79 



Feet. 
3.14 
2.70 



1.77 
1.82 
2.08 
2.50 
2.81 

3.51 
3.49 
3.21 
2.82 
2.41 
2.12 
1.92 
2.01 



3.70 
3.85 
3.72 



2.79 
2.28 
1.80 
1.45 
1.37 



2.78 
3.10 
3.21 
3.03 
2.73 
2.25 



2.00 



12 



AKCTIC TIDES. 



Hourly heights of the tide at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, 
Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. 



Morris 



[Sixtietli meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. 



January, 1909— Continued. 



Feet. 
3.19 



1.72 
1.22 
0.90 
0.89 
1.20 
1.70 
2.16 
2.59 
2.90 
2.93 
2.69 
2.29 
1.90 
1.49 



Feet. 
3.31 
3.08 
2.72 
2.21 
1.75 
1.30 
1.14 
1.40 

2.34 
2.79 
3.21 
3.50 

3.43 
2.92 
2.42 
2.03 
1.93 
2.12 
2.60 
3.05 
3.53 



Feet. 
4.03 



2.98 
2.36 
1.81 
1.45 
1.40 
1.69 
2.10 
2.67 
3.11 
3.33 
3.39 
3.15 
2.73 



1.55 
1.81 
2.26 



Feet. 
3.29 
3.32 
3.17 
2.69 



1.01 
1.12 
1.61 
2.11 
2.61 
2.90 
3.19 
3.17 
2.92 
2.41 
2.06 
1.70 
1.65 
1.77 
2.15 
2.55 
2.93 



Feet. 
3.29 
3.52 
3.45 
3.22 
2.69 
2.23 
1.79 
1.49 
1.46 
1.68 
2.04 
2.54 
2.86 
3.13 
3.11 
2.99 
2.70 
2.33 
1.90 
1.64 



2.11 
2.48 



1.39 
1.20 
1.40 

2.09 
2.43 
2.79 

3.04 

2.84 
2.50 
2.08 
1.81 
1.08 
1.77 



2.16 
1.84 



2.21 
2.52 
2.82 
3.09 
3.24 
3.15 
2.94 

2.07 
1.99 

2.20 



Feet. 
2.45 
2.71 



2.75 
2.39 
2.04 
1.79 
1.70 

1.87 
2.09 
2.34 
2.64 
2.84 
2.89 
2.81 
2.54 



Feet. 
2.01 
2.19 
2.46 
2.70 
2.71 
2.68 
2.46 
2.21 
1.96 
1.80 
1.75 
1.82 
1.99 
2.20 
2.46 

2.83 
2.90 
2.79 
2.64 



Feet. 
1.86 



2.41 
2.53 
2.60 
2.51 
2.42 
2.17 
2.05 
1.94 
1.95 
2.04 
2.17 
2.30 
2.54 
2.75 
2.93 
3.06 
3.05 
2.94 
2.72 



Feet. 
2.05 
2.00 
2.14 

2.58 
2.75 
2.91 
2.92 
2.81 
2.71 
2.58 
2.31 
2.21 
2.17 
2.30 
2.49 
.2.69 
2.92 
3.10 
3.19 
3.13 



Feet. 
2.09 
1.84 
1.80 
1.85 
2.05 
2.21 
2.45 
2.60 

2.54 
2.40 
2.27 
2.09 



Feet. 
2.12 
1.83 
1.59 
1.49 
1.59 
1.79 
2.10 
2.40 



2.59 
2.30 
2.01 
1.77 
1.65 
1.81 
2.14 
2.60 
2.90 
3.25 



Feet. 
2.52 
2.02 
1.62 
1.40 
1.42 
1.61 
[1.98] 
[2.34] 
[2.68] 
2.99 
3.13 
3.04 
2.80 
2.41 
2.07 
1.90 
1.94 
2.17 
2.52 
3.00 
3.41 
3.71 



5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 
Noon. 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 



January, 1909— Continued. 



1.85 
1.53 

1.75 
2.16 



3.34 
3.39 
3.16 
2.81 
2.36 
1.90 
1.63 
1.61 
1.90 
2.38 
2.94 
3.39 
3.64 
3.61 



2.74 
2.23 
1.63 
1.14 
0.90 
1.04 
1.46 
1.95 
2.48 
2.93 
3.18 
3.20 
2.86 

1.84 
1.40 
1.29 



Feet. 
3.53 
3.26 
2.69 
2.00 
1.33 
0.91 
0.80 
1.05 
1.47 
2.03 
2.57 
3.01 
3.28 
3.14 
2.71 
2.08 
1.50 
1.12 



Feet. 
3.33 
3.28 
2.84 
2.17 
1.42 
0.79 
0.40 
0.39 
0.86 
1.40 
2.04 
2.64 
3.02 
3.16 
2.99 
2.49 



1.10 
1.10 
1.45 
2.07 
2.66 



Feet. 
3.52 
3.70 
3.54 
3.03 
2.39 
1.75 
[1.32J 
1.04 
1.19 
1.66 
2.19 
2.80 
3.35 
3.68 
3.72 
3.42 
2.86 
2.26 



1.65 
2.02 
2.57 
3.25 



Feet. 
3.67 



1.96 
1.53 



2.01 
2.38 
2.86 



Feet. 
3.34 
3.70 
3.93 



2.07 
2.52 



2.44 
2.12 
1.94 
2.16 

2.44 



3.21 
3.52 
3.70 
3.57 
3.25 



1.74 
1.71 



3.33 
3.20 
2.80 
2.32 



2.08 
2.31 



1.86 
1.49 



2.57 
2.27 



1.53 
1.78 
2.03 
2.27 
2.40 
2.35 
2.14 
1.93 
1.75 
1.53 
1.46 
1.52 



2.20 
2.51 
2.64 
2.76 
2.66 
2.49 
2.17 
1.91 
1.67 



2.04 
2.24 



2.45 
2.29 
2.16 



3.22 
3.15 
2.86 
2.64 



Feet. 
2.32 
2.07 
2.00 
2.00 
2.22 
2.40 
2.68 
2.85 
2.95 
2.99 
2.92 
2.75 
2.51 



2.25 
2.48 
2.81 



Feet. 
2.66 
2.31 
2.09 
2.03 
2.16 
2.31 
2.51 
2.80 
3.11 
3.34 
3.29 
3.27 
3.01 

2.46 
2.30 
2.34 
2.55 
2.90 



3.80 
3.80 
3.59 



Feet. 
3.16 
2.71 
2.29 



1.93 
2.14 
2.46 
2.85 
3.18 
3.37 

3.14 
2.80 
2.38 
2.08 



3.72 
3.53 



RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



13 



Hourly heights of the tide at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Gape Morris 
Jesup, and Fort Gonger — Continued. 



[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated vi 
CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. 



February, 1909— Continued. 



11 
Noon. 



Feet. 
3.25 
2.81 
2.27 
1.81 



2.00 
2.44 
2.84 
3.19 
3.26 
3.16 
2.C9 
2.36 
1.95 
1.63 
1.59 
1.80 
2.16 

3.12 
3.39 
3.42 



Feet. 
3.23 
2.84 
2.24 
1.75 
1.29 
1.04 



1.95 
2.45 
2.88 
3.13 
3.18 
2.96 
2.59 
2.06 
1.65 
1.50 
1.60 
1.96 
2.45 



Feet. 
3.71 

2.91 
2.29 
1.74 
1.47 
1.40 
1.60 
2.09 
2.52 
3.02 



2.41 
1.92 
1.51 
1.47 
1.66 
2.15 
2.66 
3.21 



1.55 
1.55 



3.81 
3.58 
3.07 
2.61 
2.15 
1.92 
1.99 
2.29 
2.78 



4.08 
4.03 
3.77 
3.29 
2.69 
2.07 
1.70 
1.61 
1.94 
2.36 



2.62 
2.00 
1.71 
1.62 
1.86 
2.26 
2.70 



Feet. 
3.47 
3.55 

2.91 
2.34 
1.78 
1.29 
1.10 
1.23 
1.55 
2.05 
2.53 
2.97 



1.64 
2.07 



3.20 
3.19 
2.94 
2.47 
1.95 
1.40 
1.14 
1.12 
1.45 
1.97 
2.52 
2.96 
3.28 
3.36 
3.17 
2.81 
2.37 
2.04 
1.74 
1.68 
1.79 
2.16 
2.64 



2.97 
2.50 



2.71 
3.06 
3.28 
3.20 
2.95 
2.46 
2.13 
1.69 
1.50 



Feet. 
2.42 
2.76 
2.96 
2.92 
2.76 
2.37 
1.97 



2.98 
3.19 
3.29 
3.17 
2.89 
2.56 
2.21 



1.95 
2.02 
2.30 



Feet. 
2.56 



3.17 
3.09 
[2.88] 
2.62 
2.30 
2.10 
2.00 
2.08 
2.26 
2.51 
2.75 
3.01 
3.14 
3.05 
2.97 
2.72 



Feet. 
1.91 
2.12 
2.34 
2.50 
2.59 
2.52 
2.32 
2.07 
1.86 



2.24 
2.53 
2.71 



2.29 
2.15 
1.94 
1.83 



Feet. 
1.90 
2.00 
2.12 
2.30 
2.41 
2.54 
2.59 
2.63 
2.40 
2.29 
2.27 
2.27 
2.30 
2.36 
2.44 
2.79 
3.01 
3.17 
3.21 
3.18 
3.08 
2.91 
2.67 
2.41 



Feet. 
2.28 
2.26 
2.33 
2.46 
2.69 
2.90 
3.07 
3.19 
3.19 
3.12 
3.01 
2.95 
2.81 
2.72 
2.78 
3.00 
3.26 
3.54 
3.71 
3.77 
3.81 
3.65 
3.47 
3.14 



Feet. 
2.79 
2.59 
2.48 
2.49 
2.62 
2.78 
2.99 
3.21 
3.43 
3.52 
3.43 
3.22 
3.04 
2.84 
2.66 
2.65 
2.72 
3.04 
3.34 



3.71 
3.40 



February, 1909— Continued. 



2.55 
2.17 
1.95 
1.91 
2.14 



2.58 
2.30 
2.05 
2.10 
2.35 
2.69 
3.11 
3.47 
3.77 
3.83 



2.96 
3.39 
3.67 
3.74 
3.47 
3.10 
2.59 
2.25 
2.07 
2.19 
2.54 



3.99 
4 29 



Feet. 
4.04 
3.54 
2.91 
2.32 
1.90 
1.80 
2.03 
2.44 
2.99 
3.49 
3.99 
4.19 
4.07 
3.65 

2.57 
2.19 
2.03 
2.19 
2.61 
3.15 
3.73 
4.14 
4.40 



Feet. 
4.29 



3.33 
2.49 



1.48 
1.45 



2.66 
2.03 
1.71 
1.72 
2.08 
2.64 

3.83 
4.28 



Feet. 
444 
420 
3.69 
2.91 
2.21 
1.61 
1.39 



3.31 
3.95 



3.80 
3.14 
2.47 



2.61 
3.23 
3.82 



Feet. 
415 
419 
3.89 



419 
3.65 
2.94 
2.23 
1.74 
1.52 

2.19 
2.79 
3.38 



411 
3.70 



1.25 
1.63 
2.20 
2.87 
3.35 
3.76 
3.86 
3.54 
2.87 
2.21 
1.54 
1.14 
0.93 
1.15 
1.67 



Feet. 
2.75 
3.14 
3.27 
3.12 
2.69 
2.10 



0.87 
0.99 
1.40 
1.95 
2.53 
2.99 
3.29 
3.24 
2.92 
2.36 
1.75 



Feet. 
2.12 
2.58 
2.91 
2.99 
2.74 
2.34 
1.87 



1.10 
1.29 
1.75 
2.28 
2.75 
3.07 



1.35 
1.41 



2.67 
2.41 
2.12 
1.87 
1.71 
1.71 
1.88 

2.54 
2.85 
3.03 
3.07 
2.96 



1.75 
1.57 



Feet. 
1.71 
1.92 
2.14 
2.29 
2.39 
2.36 
2.28 
2.10 
1.89 
1.73 
1.64 
1.62 



2.43 
2.60 
2.67 
2.57 

2.17 
2.00 
1.79 



1.57 
1.62 
1.74 
1.90 
2.02 
2.17 
2.18 



2.03 
1.90 



1.60 
1.39 
1.36 
1.44 
1.55 
1.73 
1.94 
2.13 
2.29 
2.30 
2.24 
2.06 



2.07 


1.69 


2.26 


1.83 


2.40 


2.04 


2.46 


2.27 


2.48 


2.48 


2.42 


2.62 


2.31 


2.57 


2.13 


2.45 


1.84 


2.22 



Feet. 
1.93 

1.45 
1.36 
1.40 
1.55 
1.85 
2.17 
2.43 
2.61 
2.65 
2.58 
2.41 
2.12 
1.90 
1.79 
1.87 
2.14 
2.44 
2.74 
3.04 
3.19 
3.18 
2.97 



14 



AKCTIC TIDES. 



Hourly TieigJits of the tide at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, 

Jesup, and Fort Ganger — Continued 



Bryant, Gape Morris 



[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets Indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. 



10 

11 

Noon. 

13 



March, 1909 — Continued. 



Feet. 
2.56 
2.24 
1.88 
1.62 
1.68 
1.65 



2.91 
3.05 
3.04 

2.39 
2.03 
1.75 
1.64 
1.80 
2.08 
2.42 
2.81 
3.06 



1.78 
1.34 
1.15 
1.15 



1.84 
1.41 
1.20 

1.44 
1.82 
2.25 
2.65 
2.94 
2.90 



Feet. 
2.74 
2.30 



0.90 
0.77 
0.90 



1.95 
1.45 
0.91 



0.70 

1.26 
1.76 
2.29 
2.70 
2.89 



2.82 
2.34 
1.81 
1.29 
0.97 
1.04 
1.30 
1.81 
2.36 



Feet. 
3.15 



1.33 

0.92 
0.87 



3.19 
3.00 
2.58 
2.00 
1.44 
1.03 
0.85 
1.01 
1.45 
1.97 
2.53 



Feet. 
3.14 



1.45 
0.91 

0.67 
0.78 
1.18 
1.70 
2.26 
2.75 
3.07 



0.75 
1.11 
1.64 
2.20 
2.74 



Feet. 
2.95 
3.05 



[1.71] 
1.17 
0.90 
0.79 



3.01 
3.17 
2.93 
2.46 
1.89 
1.35 
0.95 
0.81 
1.00 
1.38 
1.90 
2.45 



Feet. 
2.86 
3.03 
2.84 
2.47 
1.87 
1.27 
0.87 
0.76 
0.90 



2.90 
2.52 
2.00 
1.46 
1.01 
0.80 
0.78 
1.11 
1.54 
2.08 



2.54 
2.78 



2.07 
1.56 
1.13 
0.89 
0.92 
l.,16 
1.61 
2.14 
2.62 
2.90 
2.94 
2.72 
2.31 
1.79 
1.32 
1.00 
0.85 
1.00 
1.34 
1.77 



Feet. 

2.16 

2.49 

2.63 

2.49 

2.18 

1.73 

1.31 

1.01 

0.88 

1.01 

1.32 

1.77 I 

2.19 I 

2.52 [ 

2.61 



Feet. 
1.68 
2.01 



2.25 


2.09 


1.92 


1.81 


1.49 


1.48 


1.10 


1.17 


0.82 


0.82 


0.78 


0.70 


1.00 


0.74 


1.34 


0.93 



15. 


16. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


1.19 


1.28 


1.44 


1.42 


1.66 


1.55 


1.78 


1.74 


1.78 


1.84 


1.69 


1.87 


1.43 


1.81 


1.19 


1.70 


1.08 


1.58 


1.04 


1.45 


1.09 


1.37 


1.27 


1.31 


1.60 


1.45 


1.92 


1.65 


2.10 


1.93 


2.27 


2.09 


2.22 


2.20 


2.15 


2.21 


2.00 


2.22 


1.78 


2.16 


1.51 


1.99 


1.26 


1.77 


1.18 


1.57 


1.17 


1.41 



Feet. 

1.38 
1.47 
1.58 



76] 



1. 

1, 

1 

1. 

1.96 

2.13 

2.31 

2.43 

2.63 

2.61 

2.37 

2.14 



March, 1909 — Continued. 



Feet. 
1.57 
1.39 
1.28 



1.72 
2.03 
2.28 
2.44 
2.46 
2.36 
2.21 
2.02 
1.87 
1.74 
1.78 
1.89 
2.12 
2.34 
2.58 
2.72 
,2.74 
2.55 
2.24 



Feet. \ Feet. 

1.83 I 2.26 

1.45 ! 1.76 

1.15 ' 1.27 



1.06 
1.27 
1.61 



2.53 
2.53 
2.33 
2.05 
1.06 
1.35 
1.21 
1.24 
1.48 
1.92 
2.27 
2.64 
2.90 
2.90 
2.67 



1.85 
2.35 



2.60 
2.11 



2.58 
3.05 
3.30 
3.24 



2.91 
2.34 
1.70 
[1. 17] 
0.78 
0.78 
1.08 



3.12 
3.25 



Feet. 
3.10 



2.07 
2.65 
3.10 
3.26 



2.91 
2.16 
1.45 
0.76 
0.40 
0.42 
0.80 
1.40 
2.16 
2.80 
3.23 



Feet. 
3.37 
3.33 
2.90 
2.26 
1.53 

0.54 
0.63 
1.09 
1.77 
2.44 
3.15 

3.71 
3.45 
2.78 
1.97 
[1.25] 
0.38 j 0.79 
0.55 I 0.69 
1.06 ; 1.02 
1.70 j 1.58 
2. 43 I 2. 21 
3.04 1 2.85 



Feet. 
3.31 



0.98 
0.47 
0.39 

1.30 
1.99 
2.73 
3.29 
3.49 
3.33 
2.83 
1.98 
1.25 
0.55 



Feet. 
3.27 



3.30 
2.15 



[0.91] 
0.74 



3.39 
3.64 
3.52 



0.99 

0.77 
1.13 
1.70 
2.27 



2.75 
3.10 
3.14 

2.39 
1.76 
1.32 

0.97 
1.27 
1.77 



2.74 
2.18 



1.54 
2.05 



Feet. 
2.48 
2.94 
3.14 
3.16 
2.83 
2.42 
1.93 
1.55 



1.76 
2.19 



3.28 
3.02 
2.59 
2.11 
1.65 
1.39 
1.35 
1.53 



Feet. 
2.26 
2.67 
[2.92] 
3.00 
2.90 
2.69 
2.42 
2.17 
2.00 
1.96 
2.10 
2.42 
2.82 
3.20 
3.47 
3.56 
3.45 
3.24 
2.95 
2.58 
2.29 
2.05 



Feet. 
2.28 
2.44 
2.60 
2.71 
2.70 
2.69 
2.54 
2.34 
2.13 
1.98 



2.56 
2.52 
2.38 
2.18 



Feet. 
1.37 
1.47 
1.55 
1.65 
1.75 
1.84 
1.90 
1.87 
1.78 

1.53 
1.45 



2.01 
1.95 
1.85 
1.67 
1.48 



Feet. 
1.10 
1.05 
1.12 
1.19 
[1.29] 



1.79 
1.87 



1.44 
1.32 
1.31 
1.38 
1.53 
1.73 
1.93 
2.09 
2.18 
2.12 
1.96 
1.73 



RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



15 



Hourly heights of the tide at Oape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Gape Morris 
Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.) 
CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. 



10 

n 

Noon. 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 



1.25 
1.10 
1.10 

1.22 
1.43 
1.73 
2.00 
2.22 
2.30 
2.26 
2.11 



1.37 
1.48 
1.68 
2.00 
2.27 
2.49 
2.59 
2.52 



Feet. 
2.01 



1.20 
1.23 
1.46 
1.76 
2.14 
2.46 
2.70 
2.75 

2.29 
1.94 
1.63 
1.47 



1.90 
2.29 



2.98 
2.99 
2.82 



Feet. 
2.51 
2.11 

1.35 
1.29 
1.47 
1.76 
2.23 
2.65 
3.00 
3.20 
3.14 



1.50 
1.64 
1.93 
2.37 
2.77 
3.17 
3.30 
3.31 



Feet. 
2.96 
2.48 
1.88 
1.54 
1.29 
1.29 
1.58 
2.04 
2.53 



Feet. 
3.51 
3.14 
2.59 
2.04 
1.62 
1.53 
1.77 
2.14 
2.72 
2.97 I 3.17 
3.27 [ 3.60 
3.78 



1.78 
2.19 



1.45 
1.58 
1.98 
2.44 
2.92 
3.47 



Feet. 
3.60 
3.23 
2.71 
2.09 



2.23 
1.64 



2.80 
2.19 
1.67 



2.02 
2.67 



3.49 
3.61 



1.71 
2.30 
2.82 



Feet. 
3.58 
3.53 
3.12 
2.58 



1.53 
1.95 
2.45 
3.05 
3.51 
3.73 
3.70 
3.33 
2.79 
2.18 
1.61 
1.31 
1.33 
1.63 
2.11 
2.66 
3.12 



Feet. 
3.50 



1.93 
1.72 



2.01 
1.59 
1.43 
1.59 
2.00 
2.53 



Feet. 
3.46 



3.22 

2.74 
2.25 
1.91 
1.79 
1.93 
2.31 



3.74 
3.35 



2.61 
2.22 



3.04 
3.30 
3.37 
3.24 

2.36 



1.40 
1.70 



Feet. 
2.62 
2.77 
2.90 



1.74 
1.97 
2.30 
2.71 
3.03 
3.14 
3.10 
2.84 
2.52 
2.17 



1.50 
1.59 



Feet. 
2.12 
2.37 
2.54 
2.67 



April, 1909— Continued. 



10 
11 
Noon. 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 



Feet. 
1.82 
2.04 



2.45 
2.57 



2.25 
2.12 
2.10 



2.90 
j 2.94 

2.87 
! 2.73 
I 2.58 

2.43 

2.24 
; 2.11 



Feet. 
2.U 
2.16 
[2.27] 
2.44 
2.67 
2.91 
3.08 
3.10 
3.05 
2.96 
2.85 
2.76 
2.70 
2.65 
2.70 
2.91 
3.07 
3.27 
3.43 
3.53 
3.45 
3.26 
3.03 
2.67 



Feet. Feet. 
2.29 



1.92 
1.61 



2.76 
3.09 
3.27 



2.73 
2.46 

2.18 
2.23 
2.41 
2.74 
2.95 
3.19 
3.31 
3.22 
2.98 



Feet. 
2.25 
1.75 
1.33 



1.78 
2.11 
2.50 



Feet. 
2.64 
2.05 



2.60 
3.11 
3,36 



1.93 
2.27 

3.00 
3.18 
3.05 

2.74 



2.99 
2.53 
2.01 



1.67 
2.18 



3.27 
3.08 



2.25 
2.84 



2.52 
1.85 



2.27 
2.88 



2.14 
1.37 
0.78 
0.56 



Feet. 
3.32 
2.89 
2.27 
1.56 
0.96 



2.61 
3.18 



2.56 
1.81 
1.14 



1.14 


0.94 


1.73 


1.46 


2.41 


2.09 


3.01 


2.73 


3.34 


3.24 



2.79 
2.13 
1.47 
0.97 
0.83 



0.64 
1.09 



2.24 
2.75 



Feet. 
3.10 
3.19 
2.92 
2.41 
1.79 



1.24 
1.82 
2.44 
3.02 
3.42 
3.53 
3.22 
2.73 



0.87 
0.70 
0.90 
1.31 



Feet. 
2.76 
2.97 



1.54 
1.10 
0.93 
1.09 
1.45 
1.96 
2.45 
2.86 
3,17 
3.10 
2.77 
2.20 

1.23 
0.89 
0.78 
1.03 
1.43 



2.65 
2.77 

1:40 

1.31 



3.19 
3.10 
2.77 
2.30 
1.83 
1.47 

1.30 
1.57 
1.92 



Feet. 

2.51 
2.72 
2.81 
2.67 
2.40 
2.11 
1.87 
1.75 
1.75 
1.88 
2.21 
2.56 
2.82 

3.03 
2.93 
2.66 
2.36 
2.05 
1.80 
1.65 
1.68 
1.83 



16 



ABCTIG TIDES. 



Hourly heights of the tide at 



Sheridan, Point Aldrich, 
,d Fort Conger — Continued. 



Bryant, Cape Morris 



[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. 



April, 1909— Continued. 



May, 1909. 



2.05 
2.^8 
2.47 
2.61 
2.67 
,2.57 
2.44 
2.29 
2.16 
2.02 
1.98 
2.09 
2.34 
2.54 
2.72 
2.81 



1.89 
1.78 
1.72 



2.17 
?.04 



2.10 
2.26 



2.53 
2.44 



2.09 
1.88 
1.70 



Feet. 
1.65 
1.71 
1.79 
1.88 
2.02 
2.21 
2.39 
2.50 
2.50 
2.37 
2.17 



Feet. 
1.55 
1.43 
1.38 
1.41 
1.61 
1.85 
2.09 
2.31 
2.43 
2.36 
2.15 
1.90 
1.66 
1.44 
1.35 
1.35 
1.54 
1.74 



2.30 
2.07 
1.78 



Feet. 
1.53 
1.27 
1.08 
1.09 
1.24 
1.53 
1.86 
2.18 
2.43 
2.50 
2.40 
2.13 
1.78 
1.47 
1.22 
1.15 
1.25 



2.54 
2.51 
2.32 



1.49 
1.86 

2.67 
2.91 
2.90 
2.66 
2.32 
1.93 
1.58 

1.18 
1.35 
1.71 
2.13 
2.51 
2.72 
2.79 
2.64 



2.29 
1.88 
1.37 
1.03 
0.97 
1.12 
1.47 
1.94 
2.35 
2.67 
2.77 
2.64 
2.30 
1.83 

0.88 
0.73 
0.80 
1.17 
1.63 
2.11 
2.54 
2.77 
2.73 



Feet. 
2.44 
2.01 
1.50 
1.09 
0.89 
1.01 
1.39 

2.39 
2.83 
3.12 
3.16 
2.91 
2.47 
1.90 



1.84 
2.34 



2.83 
2.27 
1.72 
1.40 
1.30 
1.59 
2.00 
2.57 
3.04 



,2.94 
2.39 
1.80 



2.22 
2.78 

3.53 



3.51 
3.18 
2.67 
2.15 



2.45 
3.37 



2.55 
1.90 
1.26 
0.87 
0.75 
1.05 
1.48 
2.03 
2.48 
2.78 



Feet. 
2.96 
2.75 
2.27 
1.67 
1.17 



2.94 
3.10 



0.72 
0.55 
0.64 
1.05 
1.57 
2.10 



1.42 
1.06 
0.92 
1.10 
1.49 
1.94 
2.49 
2.93 
3.17 
3.14 
2.81 
2.32 



0.70; 
0.97 
1.41 
1.95 



Feet. 
2.72 
2.85 
2.71 
2.32 
1.89 
1.46 
1.22 
1.19 
1.44 
1.86 
2.35 
2.84 
3.14 



2.70 
2.17 



May, 1909— Continued. 



15. 16. 



2.46 
2.71 

2.74 
2.54 
2.11 
1.72 



2.86 
3.06 



2.41 
1.91 



2.50 
2.65 
2.55 
2.32 
2.00 
1.69 
1.47 
1.40 
1.53 



2.49 
2.11 
1.70 



1.85 
2.16 
2.44 

2.72 
2.67 
2.50 
2.26 
1.97 
1.70 
1.53 
1.45 
1.54 



2.15 
2.37 
2.50 
2.50 
2.39 
2.21 
2.04 



2.04 
2.25 
2.37 
2.45 



1.92 
1.65 
1.42 
1.30 



1.82 
2.06 
2.30 
2.40 
2.36 
2.20 
1.98 
1.76 
1.60 
1.51 



2.06 
2.23 



Feet. 
1.20 
1.10 
1.18 
1.43 
1.74 



2.24 
2.45 
2.53 



Feet. 
1.44 
1.16 
1.09 

1.53 
1.97 



2.97 
2.72 
2.34 
1.92 
1.50 



2.61 
2.91 
2.96 
2.80 
2.47 



Feet. 
2.04 
1.59 



2.30 
2.77 
3.17 



2.76 
2.31 
1.77 
1.28 
1.01 



Feet. 
2.12 
1.58 
1.05 
0.72 
0.74 



Feet. 
2.57 
2.01 
1.45 
0.94 
0.72 
0.85 



2.47 
2.98 
3.29 



1.75 
1.07 
0.64 
0.57 



1.85 
2.45 
2.91 



2.57 
1.97 



2.14 
2.70 



2.87 
2.18 
1.45 
0.86 
0.54 
0.59 
0.89 
1.40 
2.00 
2.55 



Feet. 
3.06 



1.82 



0.91 



2.44 
2.96 



3.47 
3.28 



1.79 
2.33 
2.81 



2.76 
2.23 
1.71 
1.26 
1.07 



0.78 
0.70 



RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



17 



Hourly heights of the tide at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Gape Morris 
Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. 



[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.) 
CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND-Continued. 



May, 1909— Continued. 



Feet. 
2.70 
2.85 
2.77 
2.46 
2.01 
l.CO 



2.34 
2.84 



1.91 
1.44 
1.17 
1.25 
1.55 
2.00 
2.47 



3.10 
3.20 
3.06 
2.78 
2.40 



3.27 
3.60 



3.54 


3.20 


2.78 


2.30 


1.96 


1.84 


1.99 


2.26 


.. 



Feet. 
2.93 
3.21 
3.39 
3.41 
3.25 
2.97 
2.07 
2.46 
2.33 



3.35 
3.06 
2.64 
2.26 
2.04 
1.90 
2.00 
2.18 



Feet. 
2.45 
2.70 
2.90 
3.02 
3.01 
2.86 



2.72 
2.44 
2.16 
1.96 



Feet. 
2.24 
2.42 
2.62 

2.78 
2.92 
3.00 
2.90 
2.77 
2.60 
2.49 



3.04 
3.18 



2.90 
2.70 
2.51 
2.35 



Feet. 
2.30 



3.01 
3.14 
3.24 
3.22 
3.13 
2.94 
2.75 
2.63 
2.00 

2.74 
2.91 



2.86 
2.65 
2.43 



2.43 
2.59 
2.77 
2.99 
3.15 

3.22 
3.05 
2.81 
2.56 
2.41 
2.28 



Feet. 
2.27 



2.75 
3.02 
3.24 
3.34 
3.25 
3.02 
2.74 
2.45 
2.19 



31. 


1- 


Feet. 


Feet. 


2.43 


2.71 


2.17 


2.39 


2.01 


2.08 


2.06 


1.98 


2.29 


2.13 


2.66 


2.42 


2.99 


2.83 


3.27 


3.23 


3.44 


3.52 


3.43 


3. 66 



2.17 
1.91 
1.94 
2.19 
2.57 
3.00 



2.40 


2.09 


2.55 


2.28 


2.80 


2.54 


2.99 


2.83 


3.09 


3.09 


3.06 


3.18 


2.94 


3.12 


2.73 


2.96 


2.49 


2.72 



3.29 
3.01 
2.64 



2.65 
2.97 
3.21 



Feet. 
3.14 
2.71 
2.30 
1.96 
1.82 
1.91 
2.22 

3.18 
3.54 
3.73 



3.35 
2.93 

2.44 
2.03 



2.35 
2.75. 



2.45 
2.97 



1.75 


1.37 


2.07 


1.61 


2.48 


. 2.01 


2.91 


2.50 


3.31 


2.97 


3.50 


3.34 


3.46 


3.48 



1.52 
1.57 



June, 1909— Continued. 



Feet. 



2.59 
2.06 

2.06 



10 
11 
Noon. 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 



3.22 
2.64 
2.10 
1.63 
1.50 
1.73 
2.17 
2.66 
3.17 
3.56 



Feet. 
3.76 



2.37 
2.07 

2.24 
2.64 
3.14 
3.65 

4.16 
4.06 
3.70 
3.25 
2.60 
2.10 
1.80 
1.81 
2.12 
2.61 
3.08 
3.50 



Feet. 
3.81 

3.66 
3.25 
2.75 
2.35 
2.09 
2.15 
2.46 

3.30 
3.71 
3.95 
4.04 
3.83 
3.40 
2.85 

1.87 

1.79 
2.09 
2.53 



2.57 
2.26 
2.15 
2.26 
2.54 
3.00 
3.54 
3.77 
.3.94 
3.91 
3.64 
3.22 
2.73 
2.23 

1.76 
1.93 
2.23 
2.60 



Feet. 
2.99 
3.28 
3.44 
3.36 
3.10 



2.46 
2.19 
2.08 
2.18 

2.45 
2.87 
3.21 
3.48 



2.93 
2.49 
2.09 
1.81 
1.79 
1.95 
2.25 



Feet. 
2.44 



3.40 [ 3.41 



3.35 
3.16 
2.79 
2.46 
2.25 
2.19 
2.31 
2.55 
2.85 
.3.15 
3.40 
3.57 
3.51 
3.30 
2.96 
2.60 
2.31 



3.51 
3.43 

2.98 
2.77 
2.55 
2.39 
2.46 
2.63 
2.90 
3.12 
3.29 

3.35 
3.18 
2.92 
2.63 
2.34 



Feet. 
2.15 
2.39 
2.63 
2.83 
.3.10 
3.29 



3.14 
2.84 
2.58 
2.29 
2.10 
2.09 
2.16 
2.42 
2.72 

3.04 



2.48 
2.23 
2.01 




18 



AB.CTIC TIDES. 



Hourly heights of the tide at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Gape Morris 
Jesup, and Fort Ganger — Continued. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. 



Noon. 
13 



2.94 

2.42 
1.9G 

1.70 
2.04 

3.01 



3.64 
3.25 
2.65 
2.05 
1.56 
1.33 
1.45 
1.79 
2.27 
2.74 
3.21 



Feet. 
3.47 



1.65 
1.79 
2.19 
2.72 
3.26 
3.66 
3.88 
3.86 

3.13 
2.53 

1.56 
1.43 
1.63 
2.04 
2.49 
2.97 



3.24 

2.77 
2.31 
1.98 
1.91 
2.11 
2.54 

3.54 
3.90 
4.04 
3.97 

3.15 
2.57 
2.10 
1.79 
1.79 
2.07 



3.26 
2.84 
2.49 
2.26 
2.23 
2.49 



3.70 
3.95 
4.01 
3.84 
3.47 
2.96 
2.43 
2.00 
1.79 
1.93 
2.24 
2.67 



Feet. 
3.37 
3.57 
3.57 
3.36 



2.14 
2.20 
2.49 
2.83 
3.22 

3.77 
3.75 
3.50 
3.10 



1.84 
1.72 
1.94 
2.30 



June, 1909— Continued. 



Feet. 
2.95 
3.20 
3.35 
3.34 
3.12 
2.80 
2.46 
2.21 
2.15 
2.26 
2.55 
2.89 
3.22 
3.47 



2.95 
2.53 
2.19 
1.99 
2.03 
2.25 
2.54 



2.63 
2.45 
2.41 
2.56 
2.84 
3.10 
3.36 
3.56 
3.60 
3.45 
3.20 

2.46 
2.20 
2.14 
2.20 
2.43 



2.91 
3.16 
3.31 
3.36 



2.61 
2.41 
2.37 
2.43 

2.85 
3.09 
3.23 
3.25 
3.11 

2.57 

2.02 
2.12 



2.74 
2.93 



2.57 
2.36 
2.21 
2.18 
2.27 
2.43 
2.62 
2.78 
2.91 
2.95 
2.81 
2.65 
2.42 
2.18 
2.07 
2.06 



Feet. 
2.16 



3.11 
3.01 
2.84 
2.61 
2.38 
2.19 
2.12 
2.17 
2.28 
2.45 
2.66 
2.81 
2.86 
2.80 
2.65 
2.42 



2.75 
2.51 
2.23 



2.14 
2.33 
2.54 
2.71 
2.79 
2.79 

2.55 
2.33 



3.19 
3.37 
3.48 
3.34 
3.11 
2.81 
2.51 
2.29 
2.19 
2.25 
2.40 



2.37 
2.29 
2.33 
2.56 
2.87 
3.21 
3.49 
3.61 
3.56 
3.31 
2.99 



BECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



19 



Hourly TieigJits of fJie tide at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris 
Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
POINT ALDEICH, CAPE COLUMBIA. GRANT LAND. 



November, 1908. 



Feet. 
[3.74] 
[3.84] 
[3. 90] 
[3.87] 
[3.80] 
[3.71] 
[3.62] 
[3.52] 
[3.40] 

[3.25] 
3.31 
3.40 
3.45 
3.49 
[3.47] 
3.41 
3.33 
3.30 
3.27 
3.27 
3.29 
3.33 



3.64 
3.72 
3.66 
3.54 
3.44 
3.29 
3.17 



3.03 
3.11 
3.15 
3.20 
3.25 
3.29 
3.31 
3.40 
3.22 
3.12 
3.01 
3.06 



Feet. 
3.09 
3.14 
3.20 
3.25 
3.28 
3.21 
3.12 
3.04 
2.88 
2.77 
2.68 
2.58 



3.00 
3.05 
3.06 
3.06 
3.05 
2.92 
2.87 



Feet. 
2.81 
2.83 
2.95 
3.01 
3.12 
3.18 



2.91 
2.85 
2.72 
2.60 
2.55 
2.60 



2.86 
2.86 
2.91 



3.21 
3.06 

2.96 



2l92 



Feet. 
3.00 
2.89 
2.87 
2.93 
3.06 

3.33 
3.38 
3.30 
3.25 
3.04 
2.85 
2.69 

2.64 
2.76 
2.94 
3.18 
3.54 
3.50 
3.55 
3.47 
3.35 
3.06 



3.27 
3.14 



2.75 
2.91 
3.20 



3.77 
3.69 
3.51 



2.64 
2.81 



3.31 
3.16 
2.96 
'2.78 
2.58 
2.51 
2.54 
2.73 
2.97 
3.24 
3.57 
3.72 



3.04 
3.22 
3.25 
3.22 
3.07 
2.87 
2.66 
2.55 
2.51 



3.20 
3.45 
3.74 



2.43 
2.47 
2.63 
2.85 
2.99 
3.14 
3.08 
3.01 

2.41 
2.31 
2.34 
2.50 
2.77 
3.10 



Feet. Feet. 
3. 32 3. 58 



.61 
.49 
[2.35] 2.51 
[2.59] 2.67 
2.77 2.89 
2.95 I 3.11 
2.90 3.24 
2.95 i 3.30 

3k 65 
2.43 
2.25 
2.27 
2.41 

2.95 
3.29 



Feet. 
4.11 
4.13 
4.04 



3.35 
3.15 
3.06 
3.01 
3.12 
3.12 



3.43 
3.37 



3.03 
3.09 
3.22 
3.41 
3.55 



December, 1908. 



3.76 
3.80 
3.70 



Feet. 
3.40 
3.49 
3.62 
3.60 
3.54 
3.46 



2.95 
2.83 



3.16 
3.28 
3.34 



3.40 
3.32 
3.15 
2.96 



3.40 
3.41 



3.03 
2.95 



2.97 
3.21 
3.43 
3.65 
3.74 
3.75 
3.70 
3.54 



3.73 
3.72 
3.69 
3.62 
3.40 
3.21 
3.10 
3.06 
3.22 
3.45 



4.32 
4.27 
4.15 



3.34 
3.29 



3.81 
4.12 



4.32 
4.09 
3.79 



3.29 
3.11 
3.12 
3.17 
3. .35 
3.57 
3.72 



3.19 
3.15 
3.24 
3.43 

4.13 
4.45 



3.54 
3.74 



Feet. 
3.91 
3.58 
3.29 
3.10 
3.00 
3.06 
3.24 
3.50 
3.70 
3.84 
3.84 
3.78 



3.16 
3.24 
3.41 
3.73 



4.32 
4.43 
4.37 
4.19 



3.31 
3.31 



4.35 
4.46 
4.41 



F'^et. 
4.28 



3.22 
3.10 
.3.11 
3.21 
3.41 



3.76 
3.69 
3.55 



3.13 
3.09 
3.23 
3.47 



Feet. 
4.42 
4.22 
4.12 



3.08 
3.10 
3.13 
3.27 
3.46 
3.60 
3.71 
3.71 
3.70 
3.57 
3.44 
3.29 
3.24 
3.35 
3.49 
3.71 
4.04 



Feet. 
4.22 
4.21 



3.91 
3.67 



3.40 


3.49 


3.30 


3.28 


3.25 


3.24 


3.29 


3.19 


3.48 


3.33 


3.56 


3.53 


3.73 


[3.65] 


3.76 


[3.73] 


3.72 


[3.78] 


3.67 


[3.72] 


3.66 


[3.66] 


3.37 


[3.56] 


3.35 


[3.47] 


3.36 


[3.40] 


3.39 


[3.43] 


3.56 


[3.55] 


3.81 


[3.75] 


3.95 


[3.90] 


4.19 


[4.15] 



20 



ARCTIC TIDES. 



Hourly heights of the tide at Cape SJieridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morrit 
Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE BKYANT. NORTH GREENLAND. 



10 
11 
Noon. 
1.3 
14 

1,=; 
lu 

17 
18 



4.97 
5.04 
5.07 
5.03 
5.10 
5.15 



5.78 
5.80 
5.71 
5.58 
5.43 



Feet. 
5.17 
4.98 



4.95 
5.13 
5.2G 
5.38 
5.48 
5.55 
5.57 
5.59 
5.5C 
5. .53 
5.53 
5.59 
5.08 
5.71 
5.81 
5.81 
5.72 



Feet. 
.5.22 
4.95 
4.70 



4.63 
4.72 
4.90 
5.05 
5.23 
5.39 



5,47 
5.43 
5.43 
5.48 
5.54 
5.67 
5.79 
•5,83 
5.72 
5.56 



Feet. 
5.42 
5.12 

4.56 
4.37 
4.31 
4.42 
4.59 
4.75' 
5.09 
5.38 
5.56 

.5.51 
5.38 
5.29 
5.31 
5.38 
5.50 
5.67 
5.77 
5.74 
5.65 



Feet. 
5.40 
5.31 
4.95 
4.64 
4.38 



4.45 
4.73 
5.12 
5.47 
5.72 
5.80 

5.76 
5.64 
5.57 
5. .53 
5.53 
5.60 
5.76 
5.97 
6.08 
6.07 



Feet. 
5.94 

5.53 
5.17 
4.78 
4.53 
4.39 
4.43 
4.67 



Feet. 
5.87 
5.74 
5.56 
5.12 



5.37 


4.91 


5.70 


5.38 


5.96 


5.74 


6.10 


5.97 


6.05 


6.00 


5.85 


5.77 


5.03 


5.55 


5.41 


5.40 


5.30 


5.21 


5.31 


5.18 


5.42 


5.25 


5.61 


5.39 


5.82 


5.56 


5.90 


.5.74 



Feet. 
5.81 
5.84 
5. 68 
.5.45 
4.91 
4.53 
4.13 
3.96 
3.97 



4.97 
5.44 
5.77 
5.87 
5.78 
5.54 
5.27- 
5.04 
4.87 
4.79 



Feet. 
5.40 
5.50 
,5.43 
5.21 
4.92 
4.44 
3.97 

3.66 
3.80 
4.11 
4.52 



5.7 5 
5.67 



5.03 
5.20 



Feet. 
5.42 
5.63 

5,77 
5,54 
5,25 
4.82 
4.48 
4.35 
4.36 
4.52 
4.91 
5.33 



6.20 
5.91 
5.74 
5.45 
5.39 



5.93 
6.13 
0.24 
6.14 



0.32 
6,59 
6,62 
6.46 
6.22 
5.95 
5.76 
5.57 
5. .51 
5.58 



27. 


28. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


5.66 


5.49 


.5.78 


5.53 


5.90 


5.66 


6.13 


5,83 


6,17 


5,89 j 


6.06 


5.89 


5.95 


5.79 


5.61 


5.69 1 


j 5.34 


5.43 


I 5.17 


5.24 


[ 5.16 


5.16 


5.27 


5.17 


1 5.49 


5.27 


i 5.76 


5.43 


6.14 


5.63 


6.46 


5.86 


6.64 


6.04 


0.60 


6.10 


6.41 


5.99 


6.16 


5.74 


6.02 


5.51 


5.76 


5.34 


5.58 


5.10 


5.46 


4.88 



Feet. 
4.77 
4.75 



4.97 
5.01 
4.95 



5.14 
5.35 
5.49 
5.48 
5.42 
5.24 



4. .52 
4.56 
4.61 



5.02 
5.11 
5,09 
5.07 
5. 03 
.5.09 
5.24 
5.41 
.5.47 
5.51 
5.54 
5.52 
5.35 
5.18 
5.05 



5.16 
5.24 
5.35 
5.45 
5.50 
5.54 
5.51 
5. 56 
5.62 
5.71 
5.83 



Feet. 
5.57 
5.34 
5.10 
4.99 
4.97 



5.23 
5.49 
5.72 

5.88 
6.00 
.5.94 



Feet. 

.5.71 

5,55 

5.35 

.5. 18 ■ 

5.08 

4.98 

.5.06 

5,25 

5.54 

5,84 

6,10 



0,34 
6.24 
6.09 



Feet. 
6.01 
5.91 
5.64 
5.34 
5.11 
4,97 
4, 90 
4,98 
5.21 
5.53 
5.86 
6.12 
6.29 
6,28 
6.19 



5.65 
5.31 
4.97 
4.70 



4.89 

5.52 
5.77 
6.10 
6.20 
6.14 
5.96 
5.70 



5.85 


5.91 


5.71 


5.63 


5.88 


5.96 


5.69 


.5.40 


5, 98 


6.03 


5.77 


.5.39 


6.08 


6.14 


5.84 


5.50 


6.10 


6.23 


5.98 


5.64 


6.07 


6.29 


6.08 


5.79 


5.90 


6.16 


6.08 





5.55 
5.21 
4.84 
4.49 



4.45 
4.73 
5.10 
.5.48 
.5.81 
6.01 



5.64 
5.57 
5.41 



Feet. 


7. 


Feet. 


6.12 


5.90 


6.09 


5,98 


5.86 


5,90 


5.56 


5,73 


5.28 


5.40 


4.93 


5.10 


4,64 


4.80 



4,55 
4.62 

5.14 
5.64 
5.85 
6.16 
6.20 
6.05 
5.75 
5.47 
5.27 
5.13 
5.19 
5.31 
5, .50 
5,09 



4,93 
5.- 21 
5,62 
0,04 
6,37 
6.54 
6.46 
6.33 
6.05 
.5.78 
.5.65 
5.51 



6,32 
6.36 
6.22 
5.90 
5.54 
5.24 
4,96 
4,87 

5,12 
5,46 

6.22 
6.45 
6.45 
6.24 
5.95 
5.64 
5.46 
5.32 
5.29 
5.40 
5.55 



Feet. 
5.72 

5.95 
I 5.87 
5.61 
5.26 
5.01 
4.72 
4.56 
4.53 
4'. 67 
4.94 
5.33 
5.69 
5.97 
6.06 
5.87 
' 5.67 



Feet. \ Feet. 
5.40 j 5.50 
5. 57 5. 67 



5.70 
5.72 
5.66 



4.67 



01 

4.82 I 5.02 

5.09 5; 12 

5.42 I 5.32 

5.71 j 5,57 

5.97 j 5.81 

6.09 5.98 



5.75 5.66 
5. 62 1 6. 42 



Feet. 
5.27 
• 5.36 
5. 48 
5.62 
5,71 
[5.73] 
[5.63] 
[5.47]' 
[5.32] 
[5.19] 
[5.12] 
[6.13] 
[5.28] 
[5.62] 
[5.75] 1 
[5.98] 
[6.14] 
[6.15] I 
[6.02] 
[5.78] I 
[5.48] j 
[5.22] 
[5.04] 
[4.96] 



RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



21 



Hoitiiy heights of the tide at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris 
Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. 



[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE MORRIS JESUP, PEARY LAND. 



May, 1909. 



10 
11 
Noon. 
13 
14 



3.78 
[3.79] 
3.84 
3.94 
4.03 
4.15 
4.26 
4.31 
4.36 
4.33 
4.27 
4.15 



3.70 
3.64 



3. 58 
3.60 
3. fiO 
3.62 
3i62 ' 
3.62 
3.62 
3.64 
3.6.7 , 
[3.72] j 
[3.79] i 
3.87 
3.94 
4.01 1 



3.50 
3.55 



3. 64 
3.65 
3.66 
3.66 
3.63 
3.65 
[3. 68] 
3.73 
3.76 
3.81 
3.87 
3.90 
3.92 
3.88 
3.84 
3.77 

3.58 
3.53 



Feet. 
3.51 
3.53 
3.57 
3.64 
3.74 



3.90 

3.85 
3.86 

3.94 
3.99 
4.03 
4.07 
4.10 
4.12 
4.10 
4.07 
3.98 



3.91 
3.97 

4.19 
4.26 
4.32 
4.30 



3.90 
4.00 



Feet. 
3.74 

3.72 
3.73 
3.80 
3.92 
4.01 
4.10 
4.11 
4.12 
4.04 
3.91 
3.79 
3.68 
3.58 
3.55 
3.54 



3.64 
3.70 
3.74 
3.75 
3.72 
3.68 



3.58 
3.56 



4.14 
4.24 
4.28 
4.24 
4.17 
4.08 
3.90 
3.77 
3.64 
3.59 
3.61 
3.64 
3.75 
3.81 



Feet. 
3.76 
3.70 
3.70 
3.70 
3.76 
3.88 
4.04 
4.20 
4.33 
4.49 
4.49 
4.42 
4.29 
4.13 
3.95 
3.79 



3.67 
3.74 

3.87 



Feet. 
3.77 
3.70 



4.50 
4.64 
4.61 
4.53 
4.41 
4.24 
4.04 
3.89 
3.78 
3.77 
3.78 



Feet. 
3.96 



3.87 
3. S3 



4.13 
4.32 
4.50 
4. .59 
4.63 
4.58 
4.48 
4.34 
4.17 
[3.99] 



3.71 
3.76 
3.78 



22 



ABCTIO TIDES. 



Hourly heigJits of the tide at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, 
Jesup, and Fort Gonget — Continued. 



Morris 



[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.) 
FORT CONGER, GRANT LAND. 



10 
11 
Noon. 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 



2.81 
3.58 



5.44 
5.41 
4.97 
4.24 
3.41 
2.63 
2.12 
2.00 
2.19 
2.63 
3.26 
3.91 
4.45 
4.74 
4.65 
4.19 
3.57 
2.96 
2.42 



Feet. 
2.17 
2.25 



4.01 
4.72 



3.44 
2.59 
1.91 
1.60 
1.72 
2.24 
2.94 
3.69 



3.95 

4.78 
5.31 
5.45 



2.60 
1.86 
1.54 
1.60 
2.08 
2.80 
3.61 
4.42 



14. 15. 16. ]7. 



5.22 
5.44 
5.10 



2.36 
1.59 
1.13 
1.28 
1.91 
2.89 
3.93 
4.96 
5.73 
5.92 
5.51 



Feet. 
4.67 



2.23 
3.05 
4.16 
5.08 
5.65 
5.74 
5.29 



3.27 
2.16 
1.41 
1.09 
1.26 
1.96 
3.08 
4.35 



Feet. 
5.51 
4.49. 



4.02 
4.97 
5.54 
5.53 
4.97 
3.93 
2.66 
1.59 

0.67 
1.04 

3.19 
4.52 



5.29 
4.10 



1.95 
2.95 
4.11 
5.13 

5.48 
4.79 

2.34 
1.19 

1.25 
2.31 
3.66 
5.07 



Feet. 
6.53 
6.25 



3.31 
4.46 
5.32 
5.71 
5.49 



2.07 
1.17 



4.70 
5.47 
5.65 
5.22 
4.23 
2.95 
1.71 
0.87 

1.15 
2.05 
3.29 

4.70 



Feet. 
5.90 
6.54 
6.47 



3.19 
2.05 
1.42 
1.53 
2.17 
.3.13 
4.28 
5.25 
5.79 
5.72 
5.05 
4.02 
2.80 
1.74 
1.13 
1.13 
1.76 
2.74 
3.95 



21. 22. 23. 24 



Feet. 
2.72 
3.22 



4.99 
4.77 
4.31 
3.66 
2.95 



3.56 
4.11 
4.33 
[4.22] 
[3.90] 
[3.45] 
[3.05] 
[2.70] 
[2.50] 



High and low waters at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Gape Morris Jesup, 

and Fort Gonger. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE SHERDIAN. 



Date. 


Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tides. 


Time of— 


Height of— 


Time of- 


Height of- 


H. W. 


L. W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


1908. 




ft. m. 


h. m. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


ft. m. 


h. m. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Nov. 


1.2 










13 05 


18 46 


3.0 


1.4 




13 


55 


7 25 


3.1 


1.0 


13 50 


19 14 : 2.6 


1.6 




14 


1 58 


8 06 


3.3 


1.6 


14 50 


20 18 


3.0 


2.1 




15 


3 05 


9 15 


3.2 


1.9 


15 20 


22 00 


2.7 


2.0 




16 


2 54 


10 48 i 2. 5 


1.4 


17 12 


23 25 


2.0 


1.5 




17 


5 00 


\ 1.9 




18 40 


12 00 


2.0 


1.2 




18 


6 37 


1 13 i 1. 6 


1.2 


19 40 


13 15 ! 1. 8 


0.7 




19 


8 14 


2 28 1. 6 


0.6 


20 25 


14 05 2. 


0.6 


1 


20 


8 56 


2 44 2. 1 


0.7 


21 11 


14 46 2. 4 


0.7 



BECENT TIDAL, OBSERVATIONS. 



23 



High and low waters at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldricli, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jcsup, 
and Fort Conger — C'ontinued. 

(Sixtieth meridian time. Braclcets indicate interpolated values.) 
CAPE SHERIDAN— Continued. 



Date. 


Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tides. 


Time of— 


Height of- 


Time of- 


Height of— 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


1908. 


h.m. 


h.m. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


h.m. 


h. m. 


Feet. 


Feel. 


Nov. ~ 21 


9 36 


3 19 


2.1 


0.5 


21 29 


15 21 


2.3 


0.5 


22 


10 11 


4 01 


2.2 


0.2 


21 56 


15 51 


2.5 


0.4 


23 


10 36 1 4 30 


2.3 


0.1 


22 26 


16 11 


2.6 


0.3 


24 


11 11 5 01 


2.4 


0.0 


22 53 


17 01 


2.6 


0.4 


25 


11 46 ! 5 31 


2.2 


-0.1 


23 32 


17 26 


2.4 


0.1 


26 


5 56 




0.7 


12 26 


18 01 


3.1 


1.2 


27 


23 6 33 


3." 5 


LO 


13 07 


18 23 


3.3 


1.6 


28 


47 ! 7 21 


3.8 


1.5 


13 41 


19 08 


3.5 


2.1 


29 


1 31 8 11 


3.9 


L9 


14 27 


20 10 


3.5 


2.3 


30 


2 21 ! 9 16 


3.5 


L8 


15 36 


21 31 


3.2 


2.2 


Dec. 1 


3 29 10 32 


3.1 


L8 


16 57 


23 17 


3.1 


2.1 


2 


5 17 ! 11 47 


2.9 


L7 


18 21 




3.1 




3 


6 39 29 


2.8 


1.9 


19 37 


i2'57 


3.2 


i.'6 


4 


• 7 57 1 1 36 


3.1 


L7 


20 14 


14 08 


3.6 


1.7 


5 


9 07 2 17 


3.7 


L8 


21 03 


14 42 


4.2 


2.0 


6 


9 47 3 33 


3.9 


L9 


21 37 


15 39 


4.1 


1.9 


7 


10 25 i 4 10 


3.9 


L6 


22 13 


16 00 


4.3 


2.0 


8 


11 13 1 4 37 


3.9 


1.7 


22 50 


16 43 


4.1 


1.9 


9 


11 41 5 07 


3.9 


L5 


23 27 


17 17 


4.4 


2.1 


10 


i 551 




L8 


12 27 


18 00 


4.0 


2.2 


11 


00 6 33 


4.1 


1.6 


12 57 


18 23 


3.6 


2.0 


12 


57 7 02 


3.8 


1.7 


13 32 


19 02 


3.6 


2.2 


13 


1 21 7 31 


3.9 


1.9 


14 02 


19 58 


3.5 


2.4 


14 


1 58 i 8 24 


3.6 


2.0 


15 00 


21 01 


3.3 


2.4 


15 


2 27 ; 9 25 


3.2 


L8 


15 58 


21 47 


2.9 


2.1 


16 


4 01 ' 10 27 


2.9 


L9 


17 10 


23 55 


2.9 


2.0 


17 


5 01 11 37 


2.6 


L7 


18 18 




2 7 




18 


7 02 1 1 02 


2.5 


1.7 


19 18 


i2'56 


3!o 


i.'s 


19 


8 21 ; 1 48 


2.8 


1.7 


20 30 


13 48 


3.2 


1.8 


20 


8 52 2 41 


3.0 


1.7 


20 52 


14 45 


3.5 


1.9 


21 


9 40 3 30 


3.2 


1.6 


21 35 


15 28 


3.8 


2.0 


22 


10 10 4 12 


3.5 


1.6 


21 55 


16 07 


3.7 


1.8 


23 


10 59 4 54 


3.3 


1.2 


22 44 


16 29 


3.7 


1.5 


24 


11 45 


5 27 


3.3 


1.0 


23 44 


17 05 


4.2 


1.6 


25 


tl2 09 


5 59 


4.0 


1.6 


23 55 


18 03 


4.2 


2.1 


26 




6 35 




1.4 


12 54 


18 29 


3.7 


1.7 


27 


'o'm 


7 14 


3.' 9 


L5 


13.49 


19 39 


4.1 


2.4 


28 


1 43 


8 13 


4.2 


1.8 


14 24 


20 26 


3.8 


2.1 


29 


2 25 


8 41 


3.8 


1.9 


15 18 


21 49 


3.7 


2.3 


30 


3 20 


9 59 


3.6 


2.0 


16 19 


22 55 


3.5 


2.1 


31 


4 19 


10 49 


3.2 


L9 


17 29 


23 44 


3.2 


1.9 



tAfternoon tide. 



24 



ARCTIC TIDES. 



High and low VMtern at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup 
and Fort Conger — Continued. 

[Sixtielh meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE SHERIDAN— Continued. 



Date. 


Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tides. 


Time of— 


Height of- 


Time of— 


Height of- 


H.W. ' 


L. W. 


H.W. 


L. W. 


H.W. 


L. W. 


H. W. 


L. W. 


1909. 


1 
ft. m. '■ 


ft. ro. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


ft. TO. 


ft. TO. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Jan. 1 


5 49 




3.1 




18 55 12 13 


3.5 


2.0 




7 24 


'i'i2 


3.2 


2.6 


20 04 13 24 1 


3.8 


2.1 


1 '^ 


8 47 


2 06 


3.4 


2.1 


20 40 


14 35 1 


3.8 


2.2 


' 4 


9 50 


3 24 


3.4 


1.9 


21 23 


15 23 


4.0 


2.1 


5- 


10 20 


4 13 


3.5 


1.8 


22 00 


16 15 


3.8 


1.9 


6 


10 45 


4 58 


3.2 


1.4 


22 30 


16 54 


3.4 


1.5 


7 


11 36 


5 26 


3.0 


0.8 


23 13 


17 25 


3.4 


1.2 


8 


tl2 43 


5 52 


3.6 


1.1 


23 59 


17 45 


4.0 


1.9 


9 




6 36 




1.3 


12 39 


18 41 


3.4 


1.5 ! 


i '° 


'o"36 


6 58 


3.' 4 


1.0 


13 31 


18 51 


3.2 


1.6 


! 11 


1 25 


7 38 


3.5 


1.4 


13 40 


19 36 


3.1 


1.6 


12 


1 40 


7 56 


3.2 


1.2 


14 41 


20 12 


3.1 


1.7 


13 


2 32 


8 27 


3.2 


1.6 


15 02 


21 15 


3.2 


2.0 


14 


3 10 


9 22 


3.0 


1.6 


16 02 


22 16 


3.0 


1.8 


15 


4 02 


10 02 


2.8 


1.8 


16 47 23 26 




1.8 


16 


4 52 


10 32 


2.6 


1.9 


18 32 


3.1 




17 


6 35 


47 


2.9 


2.0 


19 07 


12 45 


3.2 


2.2 


18 


7 47 


1 57 


2.6 


1.8 


20 22 


13 42 


3.2 


1.9 


19 


9 33 


3 03 


2. 7 ' 1. 5 


21 05 


14 53 


3.4 


1.7 


20 


10 06 


3 30 


3.2 1 1.4 


21 43 


15 20 


3.8 


1.9 


21 


10 35 


4 38 


3.4 1.5 


22.28 


16 33 


3.7 


1.5 


22 


11 31 


5 18 


3. 2 0. 9 


23 23 16 58 


3.6 


1.3 


23 




5 49 


0. 8 


12 05 17 57 


3.3 


1.0 


24 


08 


6 30 


3. 4 1 0. 3 


12 54 1 18 16 


3.2 


1.1 


25 


59 


7 00 


3. 7 1 1.1 


13 35 1 19 19 


3.8 


1.5 


26 


1 53 


7 49 


4.0 ' 1.4 


14 15 1 19 59 


4.0 


1.8 


27 


2 19 


8 29 


.3.9 


1.7 


14 57 20 58 


4.0 


2.0 


28 


3 03 


9 23 


3.7 


1.6 


15 40 J 22 13 


3.4 


1.5 


' 29 


3 43 


10 11 


2.7 


].l 


; 16 43 23 07 


2.7 


1.3 


30 


4 58 


11 18 


2.4 


1.4 


18 00 




2.8 


... 


31 


7 03 


23 


2.5 


1.5 


19 20 


i2'34 


3.3 


1.9 


Feb. 1 


8 17 


2 18 


3.1 


2.0 


20 24 


14 14 


3.6 


2.2 


2 


9 49 


2 54 


3.4 


2.0 


21 24 


15 24 


3. 8 1 2. 3 


3 


10 24 


4 02 


3.4 


1.9 


21 59 


15 59 


3.7 


1.9 


4 


10 59 


4 44 


3.3 


1.5 


22 39 


16 45 


3.4 


1.6 


5 


11 34 


5 19 


3.2 


1.0 


23 34 


17 05 


3.8 


1.5 


6 


11 54 


5 44 


3.5 


1.4 




17 45 




1.4 


7 


08 


6 06 


3.7 


1.4 


i2'34 


18 24 


3. 9 


1.9 


8 


19 


6 44 


4.1 


1.6 


12 59 


18 44 


3! 9 


1.6 


9 


49 


7 04 


3.6 


1.1 


13 24 


19 10 


3.3 


1.3 


10 


1 19 


7 36 


3.2 


1.1 


13 40 


19 52 


3.4 


1.6 


11 


1 54 


8 04 


3.5 


1.5 


14 14 


20 34 


3.3 


1.5 


12 


2 24 


8 19 


3.0 


1.4 


14 49 


20 55 


3.3 


1.9 


13 


2 59 


8 59 


3.2 


2.0 


15 17 


22 12 


3.2 


1.7 


14 


4 11 


9 41 


2.6 


1.6 


16 22 


23 11 


2.8 


1.8 


15 


5 47 


10 22 


2.6 


2.2 


18 02 




3.2 





tAfternoon tide. 



RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



25 



High and low waters at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cafe Bryant, Cape Morns Jesup, 
and Fort Conger — Continued. 

(Sixtietli meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE SHERIDAN— Continued. 



Date. 


Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tides. 


Time of— Height of— 


Time of— 


Height of— 


H.W. ! L.W. H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


1909. 


ft. TO. 1 A. TO. 


Feet. 


Feel. 


ft. TO. 


ft. TO. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Feb. 16 


7 42 , 42 


3.2 




19 22 


13 09 


3.8 




17 


8 57 ; 2 27 


3.5 


2.5 


20 41 


14 49 


3.9 


2.6 


18 


9 43 ' 3 33 


3.4 


1.9 


21 52 


15 22 


3.8 


2.0 


19 


10 32 


4 12 


3.8 


1.6 


22 32 


16 07 


4.3 


2.1 ! 


20 


11 02 


4 45 


4.2 


1.8 


23 12 


16 52 


4.4 


2.0 


21 


11 51 


5 32 


4.2 


1.4 


23 53 


17 25 


4.4 


1.7 


22 




6 13 




1.4 


12 29 


18 29 


4.4 


1.6 


23 


'O 39 


6 44 


4.2 


1.3 


13 00 


19 11 


4.4 


1.5 


24 


1 21 


7 33 


4.2 


1.2 


13 39 


19 50 


3.9 


1.0 


25 


1 52 


8 02 


3.3 


0.8 


14 23 


20 37 


3.3 


0.9 


26 


2 38 


8 49 


3.0 


1.1 


14 57 


21 02 


3.2 


1.4 


27 


3 29 


9 29 


2.9 


1.7 


15 47 


22 37 


3.1 


1.5 


28 


4 20 


10 25 


2.4 


1.6 


16 58 




2.7 




Mar. 1 


6 25 


00 


2.2 


1.6 


18 46 


12 31 


2.5 


1.7 


2 


8 46 


1 46 


2.3 


1.4 


20 11 


14 13 


2.6 


1.7 


3 


9 51 


3 16 


2.6 


1.4 


21 26 


15 06 


3.2 


1.8 


4 


10 21 


3 51 


3.1 


1.5 


22 06 


15 53 


3.2 


1.6 


5 


10 51 


4 26 


2.8 


1.1 


22 31 


16 27 


3.0 

- 


1.2 


6 


11 11 


4 54 


2.7 


0.8 


23 10 


16 54 


2.9 


0.7 


7 


11 41 


5 18 


3.0 


0.7 


23 33 


17 21 


3.2 


1.0 


8 




5 42 




0.8 


12 00 


18 00 


3.2 


0.8 


9 


05 


6 06 


3.'i 


0.7 


12 30 


18 25 


3.1 


0.7 


10 


45 


6 45 


3.1 


0.8 


12 55 


19 00 


3.2 


0.8 


11 


1 05 


6 55 


3.0 


0.8 


13 10 


19 25 


3.0 


0.8 


12 


1 25 


7 30 


2.8 0.8 


13 35 


20 00 


3.0 


0.8 


13 


2 05 


8 00 


2.6 


0.9 


14 05 


20 40 


2.6 


0.8 


14 


2 40 


8 20 


2.2 


0.8 


14 35 


21 15 


2.3 


0.7 


15 


3 35 


8 50 j 1. 8 


1.0 


15 27 


22 26 


2.3 


1.1 


16 


4 40 


10 50 1. 9 


1.3 


17 20 


.. . . 


2.2 




17 


6 50 


25 2. 1 


1.4 


19 20 


12 25 


2.5 


i.'7 


18 


8 35 


2 10 2. 5 


1.3 


20 34 


14 25 


2.8 


1.7 


19 


9 25 


3 20 j 2.6 


1.0 


21 35 


15 20 


2.9 


1.2 


20 


10 10 


3 50 1 3.0 


0.8 


22 20 


16 00 


3.3 


1.1 


21 


10 50 


4 35 ! 3. 2 


0.7 


23 00 


16 45 


3.3 


0.8 


22 


11 30 


5 15 i 3.3 


0.4 


23 40 


17 25 


3.3 


0.4 


23 




5 40 ; 


0.4 


12 05 


18 05 


3.5 


0.4 


24 


"6 25 


6 19 3.4 


0.5 


12 50 


18 40 


3.7 


0.7 


25 


1 00 


6 54 1 3.5 


0.7 


13 15 


19 17 


3.7 


0.7 


26 


1 41 


7 .35 3.2 


0.9 


13 50 


20 07 


3.4 


0.9 


27 


2 25 


8 10 1 3.2 


1.4 


14 20 


20 42 


3.3 


1.3 1 


28 


3 05 


8 40 1 3.0 


1.9 


14 55 


21 50 


3.6 


2.0 


29 


3 50 


10 00 1 2. 7 


1.9 


16 10 


23 00 


2.6 


1.3 


30 


6 05 


1135 : 1.9 


1.4 


18 05 




2.0 




31 


8 17 


1 00 j 1. 9 


1.0 


19 58 


i3 40 


2.2 


i'.s , 



26 



ABCTIC TIDES. 



Higli and low waters at Ca-pe Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, 
and Fort Conger — Continued. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE SHERIDAN— Continued. 



Date. 


Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tides. 


Time of— 


Height of— 


Time of— 


Height of— 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L. W. 


1909. 


ft. m. 


A. m. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


ft. m. 


ft. m. 


Feet. 


Fed. 


Apr. 1 


9 10 


2 30 


2.3 


1.1 


21 00 


15 05 


2.6 


1.4 


2 


9 45 


3 20 


2.7 


1.2 


21 30 


15 35 


3.0 


1.4 


3 


10 13 


3 40 


3.2 


1.3 


22 15 


16 08 


3.3 


1.5 


4 


10 52 


4 35 


3.4 


1.3 


22 56 


16 34 


3.7 


1.4 


5 


11 10 


4 50 


3.8 


1.5 


23 15 


17 02 


3.7 


1.4 


6 


11 34 


5 09 


3.8 


1.4 


23 39 


17 29 


3.6 


1.3 1 


7 


11 59 


5 59 


3.6 


1.3 




17 59 




1.1 1 


8 


19 


6 09 


3.6 


1.4 


12 19 


18 29 


3.'8 


1.3 ! 


9 


44 


6 43 


3.6 


1.6 


12 54 


19 04 


3.9 


1.4 


10 


1 12 


6 54 


3.6 


1.8 


13 07 


19 39 


3.8 


1.5 


11 


1 39 


7 30 


3.2 


1.6 


13 49 


20 14 


3.4 


1.3 


12 


2 12 


8 04 


3.0 


1.7 


14 19 


20 59 


3.1 


1.5 


13 


3 14 


8 49 


2.7 


1.9 


14 59 


22 18 


3.0 


1.6 


14 


4 39 


10 14 


2.6 


2.1 


16 39 


23 49 


3.0 


2.1 


15 


6 59 




3.1 




18 59 


13 15 


3.5 


2.6 


16 


8 00 


149 


3.3 


2.1 


20 09 


14 14 


3.3 


2.2 


17 


8 59 


2 45 


3.2 


1.6 


21 14 


15 00 


3.2 


1.5 


18 


9 39 


3 34 


3.2 


1.1 


21 59 


15 49 


3.3 


1.1 


19 


10 24 


3 59 


3.4 


0.8 


22 49 


16 24 


3.3 


0.8 


20 


11 04 


4 39 


3.6 


0.7 


23 18 


17 13 


3.4 


0.5 


21 


11 44 


5 14 


3.7 


0.6 


.. .. 


17 49 




0.6 


22 


02 


5 55 


3.4 


0.8 


12 19 


18 24 


3.' 7 


0.6 


23 


44 


6 35 . 


3.2 


0.8 


12 49 


18 54 


3.5 


0.7 • 


24 


1 25 


6 59 


3.0 


0.9 


13 24 


19 54 


3.2 


0.8 


25 


1 59 


7 49 


2.8 


1.3 


14 14 


20 24 


3.2 


1.2 


26 


2 49 


8 34 


2.8 


1.7 


14 39 


21 19 


3.0 


1.6 


27 


3 54 


9 39 


2.7 


2.0 


15 34 


22 53 


2.8 


1.7 


28 


5 29 


11 19 


2.5 


2.0 


17 14 


23 54 


2.6 


1.6 


29 


7 29 




2.5 




19 37 


13 24 


2.4 


1.8 


30 


8 09 


"2 04 


2.4 


i.'4 


20 14 


14 24 


2.3 


1.3 


May 1 


8 54 


2 29 


2.5 


1.1 


21 19 


14 57 


2.6 


1.2 


2 


9 28 


3 08 


2.9 


1.1 


21 48 


15 48 


2.8 


1.2 


3 


9 58 


3 48 


2.8 


1.0 


22 23 


16 03 


2.8 


0.7 


4 


10 43 


4 08 


3.2 


0.9 


22 53 


16 33 


3.5 


1.1 


5 


10 53 


4 48 


3.5 


1.3 


23 23 


17 01 


3.6 


1.2 


6 


11 06 


5 23 


3.6 


1.6 


23 58 


17 48 


2.9 


0.7 


7 




5 38 




0.8 


12 03 


18 09 


3.1 


0.5 


8 


'6 23 


5 59 


2.' 8 


0.9 


12 23 


18 43 


3.2 


0.7 


9 


53 


6 38 


2.8 


1.2 


12 53 


19 18 


3.2 


0.9 


10 


1 38 


7 12 


2.8 


1.3 


13 26 


19 58 


3.1 


1.0 


11 


2 08 


7 55 


2.7 


1.4 


14 04 


20 48 


2.8 


1.1 


12 


3 18 


8 38 


2.3 


1.5 


15 00 


21 57 


2.7 


1.4 


13 


4 37 


10 23 


2.5 


1.7 


16 25 


23 31 


2.5 


1.3 


14 


6 04 


11 55 


2.4 


1.5 


18 18 




2.3 




15 


7 31 


1 10 


2.6 


1.1 


19 58 


is ig 


2.6 


i.'3 



EECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



27 



Higli and low waters at Cape Sheridan, Point AldricJi, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, 
and Fort Conger — Continued. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values,] 
CAPE SHERIDAN— Continued. 





Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tides. 


Date. 


Time of— 


Height of— 


Time of- 


Height of- 




H. W. 


L. W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


1909. 


ft. m. 


ft. w. Feet. 


Feet. 


ft. m. 


h. in. i Feet. 


Feet. 


May IG 


8 25 


1 56 i 3. 


1.1 


20 47 


14 24 3.0 


1.3 


17 


8 51 


2 43 


3.3 


1.2 


21 38 


15 32 2. 9 


1.0 


18 


9 43 


3 23 


3.2 


0.7 


22 24 


16 05 I 3. 


0.6 


19 


10 38 


4 13 


3.4 


0.7 


23 13 


16 40 


3.1 


0.6 


20 


11 10 


4 53 


3.4 


0.8 


23 43 


17 23 


3.1 


0.5 


21 


11 49 


5 35 


3.5 


• 0.8 




18 04 




0.7 


22 


31 


6 05 ; 3. 2 


1.1 


12 2i 


18 48 


3." 4 


0.7 


23 


1 08 


6 53 1 2. 8 


1.2 


13 03 


19 23 


3.4 


• 1.1 


24 


1 59 


7 18 I 3.2 


1.9 


14 00 


20 00 


3.7 


1.8 


25 


2 38 


8 13 


3.4 


2.3 


14 18 


21 16 


3.6 


1.9 


26 


3 28 


9 34 


3.0 


2.1 


15 08 


21 39 


3.2 


1.9 


27 


4 55 


10 28 


3.0 


2.4 


16 38 


23 17 


3.2 


2.2 


28 


6 28 




3.2 




17 53 


12 05 


3.3 


2.6 


29 


7 06 


'6 36 


3.3 


2." 3 


19 14 


13 25 


3.1 


2.3 


30 


8 08 


1 28 


3.4 


2.1 


20 10 


14 21 


3.2 


2.0 


31 


8 32 


2 17 


3.5 


2.0 


21 02 


15 02 


3.3 


1.9 


! June 1 


9 17 


2 57 


3.7 


2.0 


21 43 


15 31 


3.4 


1.7 


2 


9 43 


3 27 


3.8 


1.9 


22 17 


15 59 


3.5 


1.6 


3 


10 19 


4 16 


3.8 


1.8 


22 52 


16 37 


3.5 


1.3 


4 


10 52 


4 37 


3.9 


1.7 


23 22 


17 13 


3.7 


1.5 


5 


11 31 


5 13 


4.0 


1.9 




17 52 




1.5 


6 


07 


5 48 


3.8 


2.0 


12 09 


18 31 


4.2 


1.8 


7 


42 


6 15 


3.9 


2.1 


12 47 


19 11 


4.0 


1.7 


8 


1 29 


6 53 


3.7 


2.2 


13 22 


19 46 


4.0 


1.8 


9 


2 11 


8 05 


3.5 


2.1 


14 12 


20 38 


3.6 


1.8 


10 


3 17 


8 46 


3.4 


2.2 


15 11 


21 37 


3.6 


2.0 


11 


4 07 


10 12 


3.5 


2.4 


16 02 


22 39 


3.4 


2.0 


12 


5 27 


11 57 


3.3 


2.1 


17 43 




3.1 




13 


6 32 


02 


3.4 


1.9 


19 03 


12 59 


3.1 


2.' 6 


14 


7 42 


1 12 


3.6 


1.8 


20 37 


14 12 ; 3. 6 1 1. 9 


■ 15 


8 27 


2 13 


4.0 


2.1 


[21 25] 


15 01 [3. 5] j 1. 9 


16 


[9 15] 


[3 00] 


[3.9] 


[1.9] 


22 06 


[15 45] 3. 4 [1. 6] 


17 


10 03 


3 45 


3.7 




22 57 


16 22 I 3. 5 i 1. 3 


18 


10 43 


4 27 


3.9 


L7 


23 30 


17 04 ! 3. 5 


1.3 


19 


11 26 


5 11 


3.9 


1.6 




17 47 




1.4 


20 


17 


5 52 


3.6 


1.9 


12 05 


18 34 


4 


1.7 


21 


42 


6 37 


3.8 


2.2 


12 55 


19 12 


4.0 


1.8 


22 


1 27 


7 20 


3.6 


2.1 


13 17 


19 52 


3.8 1 1.7 1 


23 


2 19 


7 53 


3.4 


2.1 


14 17 


20 16 


3.6 


2.0 


24 


2 52 


8 37 


3.5 


2.4 


14 47 


21 02 


3.6 


2.1 


25 


3 32 


9 56 


3.4 


2.4 


15 37 


21 53 


3.3 


2.0 


26 


4 31 


10 42 


3.1 


2. 2 


16 45 


22 36 


2. 9 2. 1 


27 


5 46 




3.1 




18 01 


12 11 


2. 9 2. 1 


28 


6 36 


'6 06 


3.0 


2." 6 


19 28 


13 11 


2. 8 1 1. 9 


29 


7 59 


1 04 


3.5 


2.1 


20 26 


14 11 


3. 3 1 2. 2 


30 


8 11 


2 09 


3.6 


2.3 


21 31 


14 51 


3. 2 I 1. 9 



28 



ARCTIC TIDES. 



Ulqli and low waters at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup 
and Fort Conger — Continued. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
POINT ALDRICH. 



Date. 


Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tides. 


Time of— 


Height of— 


Time of— 


Height of— 


H. W. 


L. W. 


H.W. 


L. W. 


H.W. 


L. W. 


H. W. 


L. w. 


1908. 


ft. TO. 


ft. TO. 


Feci. 


Feet. 


ft. m. 


ft. TO. 


Feet. 


Fat. 


Nov. 16 










14 10 


19 30 


3.50 


3.26 


17 


3 00 


io'so 


3." 72 


3.03 


17 20 


22 15 


3.36 


3. 04 


IS 


3 50 


11 25 


3.28 


2.57 


18 25 


23 45 


3.07 


2.80 


19 


5 05 


12 00 


3.17 


2.56 


19 20 




3.25 




20 


6 15 


20 


3.42 


2.85 


19 10 


12 50 


3.65 


2.76 


21 


6 55 


1 50 


3.38 


2.86 


20 00 


13 20 


3.57 


2.61 


22 


8 00 


2 10 


3.32 


2.60 


20 00 


13 40 


3.78 


2. 62 


23 


8 25 


3 15 


3.31 


2.58 


20 45 


14 20 


3.74 


2.51 


24 


8 55 


3 35 


3.27 


2.51 


21 05 


14 45 


3.88 


2.51 


25 


9 20 


4 10 


3.15 


2.42 


21 55 


15 20 


3.67 


2.30 


26 


10 00 


4 45 


2.98 


2. 21 


22 25 


15 25 


3.80 


.2.23 


27 


11 05 


5 25 


3.31 


2.47 


23 05 


16 20 


4.12 


2.70 


28 


11 30 


6 05 


3.51 


2.85 




16 50 





2.94 


29 


10 


6 55 


4.28 


3.07 


i2 35 


17 55 


3.76- 


3.20 


30 


25 


8 05 


4.15 


3.01 


13 40 


18 55 


3.42 


3.03 


Dec. 1 


1 50 


8 50 


3.80 


2.87 


15 10 


20 10 


3.38 


3.05 


2 


2 40 


10 15 


3.63 


2.75 


16 45 


22 20 


3.37 


2.98 


3 


4 05 


11 20 


3.47 


2.61 


18 00 


23 40 


3.42 


2.91 


4 


5 20 




3.52 




18 40 


12 05 


3.76 


2.75 


5 


6 50 


'6 35 


3.75 


3.' 06 


19 15 


12 40 


4.31 


3.06 


6 


7 40 


1 45 , 


4.01 


3.28 


20 10 


13 30 


4.38 


3.17 


7 


8 30 


2 40 


3.86 


3.09 


20 30 


13 50 


4.64 


3. 14 ■ 


8 


9 10 


3 40 


3.94 


3.20 


21 00 


14 50 


4.43 


3.08 


9 


9 45 


4 15 


3.87 


2.99 


21 55 


15 15 


4.70 


3. ]4 


10 


10 05 


4 55 


4.05 


3. 30 


22 30 


15 50 


4.51 


3. 27 


-11 


11 00 


5 40 


3.76 


3. 06 


23 05 


16 50 


4.32 


3.08 


12 


11 55 


6 00 


3.74 


3.06 


23 55 


17 00 


4.41 


3.25 


13 




6 35 




3.19 


12 20 


17 45 


3.79 


3.33 


14 


'6 20 


7 30 


4." 23 


3.20 


.... 


-• ■- 







EECE^'T TIDAL OBSEEVATIONS. 



Hig% and low wofers at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, 
and Fort Ganger — Continued. 



29 

Morris Jesup, 



[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
CAPE BRYANT. 



CAPE MORRIS JESUP. 



Date. 

■ 


Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tide?. 


Time of— 


Height of— 


Time of— 


Height of-"- 


H. W. 


L. W. 


H.W. 


L. W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L. W. 


1909. 


ft. m. 


ft. m. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


ft. ro. 


ft. m. 


Feel. 


Feet. 


Jan. 16 


(*) 


1 37 


(*) 


4.78 


19 52 


(*) 


5.80 


(*) 


17 


11 52 


2 42 


5.58 


4.82 


19 50 


14 22 


5.82 


5.50 


18 


11 52 


3 42 


5.52 


4.58 


20 52 


15 42 


5.83 


5.42 


19 


tl2 15 


4 52 


5.65 


4.30 


21 22 


16 25 


5.78 


5.29 


20 


tl2 22 


5 22 


5. 90 4. 26 


22 22 


17 32 


6.10 


5.51 


21 


tl3 12 


6 12 


6.10 


4.37 


23 02 


18 32 


5.91 


5.28 


22 


.. 


6 22 




4.00 


13 42 


18 52 


6.00 


5.18 


23 


42 


7 32 


5." 88 


3.92 


13 47 


20 08 


5.88 


4.78 


24 


1 12 


7 32 


5.51 


3.62 


14 42 


20 10 


5.80 


4.85 


25 


2 32 


8 30 


5.81 


4.32 


15 12 


21 12 


6.43 


5.38 


26 


3 02 


8 57 


6.24 


4.85 


15 42 


21 50 


6.64 


5.50 


27 


3 40 


• 9 42 


6.18 


5.14 


16 18 


23 18 


6.66 


5.45 


28 


4 22 


10 32 


5.93 


5.14 


16 52 


.. .. 


6.11 




29 


4 42 


42 


5.01 


4.74 


17 22 


tlO 52 


5.52 


4.66 


30 


(*) 


1 12 


(*) 


\ 4. 51 


19 02 


(*) 


5.54 


(*) 


31 


(*) 


2 32 


(*) 


4.58 


19 32 


I*) 


5. 92 


(*,) 


Feb. 1 


11 57 


4 42 


6.00 


4.93 


20 52 


15 30 


6.14 


5.77 




tl2 12 


5 12 


6.37 


4.97 


22 12 


17 08 


6.30 


5.91 


3 


tl2 32 


6 02 


6.33 


4.90 


22 32 


17 42 


6.08 


5.68 


4 


tl3 02 


5 57 


6.20 


4.58 


23 22 


18 27 


5.87 


5.37 


5 




6 37 




4.26 


13 56 


18 42 


6.08 


5.37 


6 


22 


7 12 


6.15 


4.54 


13 42 


19 20 


6.22 


5.12 


7 ■ 


1 02 


7 06 


5.98 


4 68 


14 12 


20 07 


6.55 


5.50 


8 


1 40 


8 12 


6.37 


4 87 


14 32 


20 30 


6.48 


5.29 


9 


1 51 


8 31 


5.95 


4.51 


14 51 


21 21 


6.06 


4.92 


10 


2 47 


8 41 


5.75 


4. 62 


15 11 


21 31 


6.10 


5. 19 


11 


3 21 


9 26 


5.90 


4.99 


15 41 


22.31 


6.00 


4. 85 ' 


12 


4 06 


9 57 


5.53 


4.92 


16 11 


22 51 


6.08 


5.21 1 



1909. 


















May 13 










14 03 




4.36 




14 


4 43 


6 39 


3.63 


3.56 


15 34 


t6 26 


4.04 


3.61 


15 


7 28 


12 


3.67 


3.48 


16 29 


t9 19 


3.92 


3.64 


16 


7 47 


19 


3.94 


3.50 


18 49 


Jll 27 


4.13 


3.84 


17 


7 53 


1 14 


4.33 


3.86 


19 19 


14 48 


4.08 


3.92 


18 


8 24 


] 48 


4.15 


3.68 


20 49 


15 19 


3.76 


3.51 


19 


8 59 


1 49 


4.30 


3.56 


21 58 


16 23 


3.87 


3.58 1 


20 


9 29 


2 34 


4.52 


3.68 


21 08 


17 29 


3.86 


3. 59 


21 


10 34 • 


2 24 


4.64 


3.68 


23 54 


18 04 


3.97 


3. 75 ' 


22 


11 10 


3 38 


4.66 


3.81 


"" 


18 48 


3.79 


3.66 



*■ Tide becomes diurnal. 



t Afternoon tide. 



% Forenoon tide. 



30 



ARCTIC TIDES. 



High and low waters at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, 
and Fort Conger — Continued. 

[Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 
FORT CONGEE. 



Date. 


Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tides. 


Time of— 


Height of— 


Time of- 


Height of- 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H. W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


1909. 


ft. m. 


ft. m. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


ft. m. 


ft. m. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


June 10 












22 55 




2.05 


11 


■5 35 


11 55 


5.' 47 


2.' 66 


18 15 




4.' 80 




12 


6 35 


10 


5.30 


2.14 


19 40 


13 16 


4.89 


i."66 


13 


7 55 


1 40 


5.46 


2.11 


20 55 


14 20 


5.24 


1.48 


14 


9 00 


2 55 


5.44 


1.75 


21 50 


15 20 


5.94 


1.12 


15 


9 45 


3 45 


5.78 


1.75 


22 35 


16 15 


6.16 


1.07 


16 


iO 35 


4 35 


5.62 


1.42 


23 25 


16 55 


6.28 


0.65 


17 


11 20 


5 20 


5.62 


1.03 




17 35 




0.52 


18 


10 


6 00 


6.55 


1.08 


12 i5 


18 05 


5.' 75 


0.56 


19 


55 


6 45 


6.53 


0.98 


12 55 


19 00 


5.66 


0.66 


20 


1 35 


7 15 


6.62 


1.40 


13 25 


19 25 


5.83 


1.05 


21 


2 00 


8 05 


6.47 


1.59 


14 05 


20 05 


5.63 


1.25 


22 


2 35 


8 55 


6.09 


1.56 


14 45 


20 40 


5.15 


1.38 


23 


3 25 


9 30 


5.61 


1.70 


15 35 


21 20 


4.93 


1.87 


24 


4 00 


10 15 


5.49 


2.03 


16 10 


22 05 


4.70 


2.30 


25 


4 55 


11 20 


4.99 


1.95 











TIDE WORK UNDERTAKEN BY MIKKELSEN AND LEFFINGWELL. 

The intention of Messrs. Mikkelsen and Leffingwell when they set out upon their 
expedition, in 1906, was to proceed to Banks Land and there estabhsh a base from 
which to explore Beaufort Sea. They succeeded in reaching Flaxman Island, which 
thus became the headquarters of the expedition. In the fall and early winter sys- 
tematic tidal observations were carried on at this island. A few tides were observed 
near the mouths of the Shaviovei and Aichilei rivers and will be foxmd in the table 
headed "Short series of tide observations and results" (pp. 76, 77). The former sta- 
tion is near Pole Point, a short distance west of Flaxman Island ; the latter is near 
Icy Point, or a Httle west of the international boundary. 

The time notes in the records show that the observers used practically true one 
hundred and fiftieth meridian time. 

The tide staves were situated upon the south, or inner, side of Flaxman Island. 

The record consists of hourly staff readings from October 21 to December 18, 
1906, supplemented by quarter-hourly readings near the times of liigh and low 
waters, and of somewhat incomplete observations extending from December 18 to 
December 31. 

Brief statements concerning the tidal work of this expedition are given on pages 
111, 136, and 437 of Mikkelsen's book entitled ".Conquering the Arctic Ice." 

Regular observations upon the direction and force of the wind were made along 
with the tidal work, but these have not as yet been discussed. 



EECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 

Hourly heights of the tide at Flaxman Island, AlasTca. 

[One hundred and fiftieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 



31 



16 


66 


54 


17 


60 


54 


18 


56 


50 


19 


51 


45 


20 


50 


42 


21 


50 


40 


22 


55 


42 


23 


56 


46 



November, 1906. 



42 i 54 



45 
43 
46 

40 51 

46 56 

53 

56 



November, 1906— Continued. 



65 


62 


55 


65 


65 


55 


63 


66 


56 


60 


66 


55 


60 


60 


54 


55 


57 


52 


54 


57 


48 


54 


54 


45 


55 


51 


43 



32 



ABCTIC TIDES. 



Hourly heights of the tide at Flaxman Island, AlasJca— Continued. 

[One hundred and fiiftieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 



November, 1906 — Continued. 



23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 



December, 1906. 



9 
10 
11 
Noon. 
13 
14 

IB 
17 
18 
19 



December, 1906— Continued. 



63 
64 
64 
63 



7. 


8. 


«■ 


Cm. 


Cm. 


Cm. 


66 


65 


52 


70 


67 


54 


72 


68 


54 


74 


70 


55 


73 


71 


56 


72 


70 


56 : 


71 


65 


56 ; 


69 


64 


54 1 


67 


63 


52 


66 


61 


49 1 


65 


58 


48 1 


66 


56 


44 


68 


56 


41 


68 


58 


41 


71 


60 


43 


74 


60 


44 


74 


61 


45 


74 


62 


46 


72 


62 


48 


70 


60 


49 



11. 


12. 


13. 


14. 


15. 


16. 


17. 


Cm. 


Cm. 


Cm. 


Cm. 


Cm. 


Cm. 


Cm. 


45 


60 


68 


65 


70 


73 


84 


45 


58 


04 


62 


68 


69 


85 


44 


56 


60 


58 


63 


67 


84 


42 


54 


56 


50 


57 


65 


81 


45 


54 


52 


45 


51 


64 


74 


47 


57 


53 


44 


47 


62 


68 


48 


60 


54 


44 


46 


61 


64 


49 


62 


55 


46 


47 


62 


60 


50 


64 


58 


50 


52 


63 


60 


50 


66 


60 


53 


56 


64 


61 


50 


64 


58 


55 


59 


67 


64 


48 


60 


58 


58 


61 


72 


67 


45 


59 


55 


55 


02 


73 


70 


44 


57 


52 


51 


60 


72 


71 


43 


54 


46 


47 


55 


68 


67 


42 


52 


45 


44 


S3 


65 


63 


44 


55 


44 


42 


50 


62 


61 


50 


57 


44 


41 


47 


58 


54 


54 


59 


48 


44 


47 


55 


49 


59 


64 


54 


48 


, 52 


56 


48 


64 


69 


59 


54 


58 


60 


48 


60 


72 


63 


60 


64 


66 


51 


64 


72 


67 


67 


71 


72 


57 


62 


71 


68 


70 


74 


79 


63 



KECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



33 



nigh and low waters at Flaxman Island, Alasla. 

[One hundred and fiftieth meridian time.] 



Date. 


Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tides. 


Time of— 


Height of- 


Time of— 


Height of— 


H. W. 


L.W. 


H. W. 


L.W. 


H. W. 


L. W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


1906. 


h. VI. 


/(. m. 


Cms. 


Cms. 


h. m. 


h. m. 


Cms. 


Cms. 


Oct. 21 


2 15 


9 30 


94 


63 


14 15 


20 45 


73 


49 




2 30 


9 00 


68 


46 


15 15 


21 15 


56 


-40 


23 


3 30 


9 30 


63 


50 


16 00 


22 00 


60 


51 


24 


5 00 


10 50 


70 


61 


17 15 


22 30 


70 


63 


25 


G 20 


11 50 


76 


68 


18 30 


23 45 


70 


69 


2G 


7 40 




77 




19 15 


13 45 


76 


67 


27 


9 00 


"2 00 


76 


64 


20 45 


15 00 


80 


64 


28 


9 00 


3 00 


73 


63 


21 15 


15 15 


72 


59 


29 


9 45 


4 30 


69 


56 


21 30 


16 00 


68 


53 


30 


11 30 


5 30 


55 


46 


23 30 


16 45 


58 


38 


31 


11 45 


7 00 


51 


34 


23 00 


17 30 


56 


31 


Nov. 1 




' 7 00 




37 


12 45 


18 00 


58 


43 


9 


"6 30 


7 00 


74 


53 


13 30 


18 00 


76 


62 


3 


15 


8 00 


85 


70 


14 00 


19 00 


86 


70 


4 


1 00 


S 00 


87 


58 


13 00 


19 30 


68 


47 


5 


2 00 


8 15 


68 


47 


14 00 


19 15 


58 


46 


6 


2 00 


8 15 


64 


53 


14 30 


20 30 


65 


52 


7 


4 35 


11 04 


67 


51 


16 00 


21 30 


60 


47 


8 


3 45 


10 00 


56 


43 


16 00 


23 15 


46 


34 


9 


4 45 


10 30 


44 


34 


18 45 




39 




10 


6 30 


1 15 


40 


28 


18 00 


tii 45 


35 


30 


11 


9 00 


3 00 


28 


20 


20 30 


15 00 


23 


13 


12 


9 30 


3 20 


15 


-01 


22 00 


14 45 


27 


05 


13 


10 45 


4 00 


32 


16 


22 45 


15 45 


48 


22 


14 


11 15 


5 15 


48 


32 


22 45 


16 45 


57 


34 


15 


11 00 


5 45 


46 


31 


23 45 


17 00 


57 


27 


16 


12 00 


6 45 


49 


32 


.. .. 


17 45 




j 
32 


17 


45 


7 15 


65 


37 


12 30 


18 30 


56 


36 


18 


1 00 


1 7 15 


67 


40 


13 00 


18 45 


55 


39 


19 


2 00 


1 8 30 


71 


45 


13 30 


20 00 


56 


35 


20 


2 30 


8 30 


59 


38 


14 45 


20 15 


51 


39 


21 


3 15 


' 9 45 


61 


45 


16 00 


22 00 


58 


49 


22 


4 00 


[9 45] 


70 


[57] 


15 00 


22 30 


76 


58 


23 


5 00 


1 13 00 


64 


46 


18 00 


23 00 


53 


42 


24 


5 00 




46 




20 00 


13 00 


52 


37 


25 


8 45 


"2 30 


55 


44 


21 00 


14 30 


59 


45 


26 


9 45 


3 30 


56 


47 


22 30 


15 00 


62 


45 


27 


10 45 


5 00 


56 


46 


22 45 


16 15 


66 


44 


28 


10 00 


5 00 


54 


44 


22 45 


16 30 


55 


36 


29 


11 30 


5 00 


53 


38 




17 15 




40 


30 

j 


30 


6 00 


70 


56 


tii 45- 


18 00 


73 


56 



t Afternoon tide. 
62730—11 3 



j. Forenoon tide. 



34 AEOTIC TIDES. 

High and low waters at Flaxman Island, Alaslca — Continued. 







[Oi 


16 hundred and fiftietli meridian time.] 








Date. 


Forenoon tides. 


Afternoon tides. 


Time of- 


HeigMof— 


Time of— 


Height of— 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


H.W. 


L.W. 


1906. 


h. m. 


h. m. 


Cms. 


Cms. 


h. m. 


h. m. 


Cms. 


Cms. 


Dec. 1 


1 45 


7 30 


82 


64 


13 00 


18 15 


80 


68 


2 


30 


8 15 


85 


58 


13 00 


18 30 


66 


48 


3 


1 45 


8 00 


69 


40 


13 00 


19 30 


49 


35 


4 


] 45 


8 30 


58 


39 


14 15 


19 30 


57 


44 


5 


2 15 


10 GO 


67 


52 


14 00 


20 15 


60 


48 


6 


2 15 


9 30 


66 


55 


15 15 


20 30 


64 


59 


7 


3 00 


9 45 


74 


65 


15 30 


22 00 


75 


63 


8 


4 00 


11 45 


71 


56 


17 30 


23 45 


62 


52 


9 


5 45 




57 




18 30 


12 30 


49 


41 


10 


6 45 


"i 15 


50 


39 


20 00 


12 15 


58 


43 


11 


9 15 


3 00 


50 


42 


21 00 


15 00 


66 


42 


12 


9 15 


3 30 


66 


54 


21 00 


15 00 


72 


52 


13 


9 15 


3 45 


60 


52 


22 45 


16 30 


68 


44 


14 


11 00 


5 45 


58 


44 


23 30 


16 45 


70 


41 


15 


11 45 


5 45 


62 


45 


23 30 


17 30 


75 


47 


16 


11 45 


5 30 


73 


61 




18 00 




55 


17 


30 


7 30 


86 


60 


i3 66 


19 30 


7i 


48 



METEOROLOGY, NORTHERN COASTS OF GRANT LAND AND GREENLAND. 

Regular hourly observations of the thermometer and barometer were carried 
on day and night by the tide observers at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, 
Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger. Owing to the existence of chronometer and 
watch corrections, the mean values given in the table below do not pertain to the 
hours exactly. The approximate amounts, whereby the apparent or given hours 
are in retard of the true hours for the various months, are indicated beneath the line 
of the mean values. This item is probably one of little consequence. 

In addition to the mean hourly values a brief resume concerning the tempera- 
ture and air pressure is added, which is practically the same as that given in an 
appendix to Peary's book entitled "The North Pole." 



RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



35 



Temperature of the air and atmospheric pressure at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape 
Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger, during specified periods, 190S and 1909. 



TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR. 











CAPE SHERIDAN. 








POINT 
ALDRICH. 


CAPE 
BRYANT. 


CAPE 
MORRIS 
JE.SUP. 


PORT 
CONGER. 


Hour. 




















































NOY. 

14-30, 
1908. 


Dec, 

1908. 


Jan., 
1909. 


Feb., 
1909. 


Mar., 
1909. 


Apr., 
1909. 


May, 
1909. 


June, 
1909. 


Nov. 17- 

Deo. 13, 

1908. 


Jan. 16- 

Feb. 12, 

1909. 


May 17-22, 
1909. 


June 11-25, 
1909. 




o 


„ 


„ 


„ 


„ 


^ 











„ 










-23.4 


-29.2 


-31.1 


-31.6 


-21.4 


-20.6 


+14.9 


+28.7 


-31.4 


-36.1 


+25.7 


+32.2 


1 


-23.5 


-29.1 


-31.6 


-31.2 


-21.2 


-19.4 


+14.3 


+28.8 


-31.6 


-30.5 


+ 26.0 


+31.7 


2 


-23.9 


-29.2 


-31.5 


-31.7 


-21.2 


-20.5 


+15.4 


+29.0 


-30.7 


-37. 5 


+26.7 


+31.9 


3 


-23.5 


-29.0 


-31.6 


-31.7 


-21.2 


-18.8 


+15.7 


+29.1 


-30.5 


-36. 5 


+27.0 


+33.3 


4 


-23.1 


-29.3 


-31.5 


-31.3 


-20.8 


-18.1 


+17.7 


+29.3 


-31.9 


-37.1 


+28.5 


+33.3 


5 


-23.3 


-29.0 


-31.5 


-31.9" 


-21.0 


-17.3 


+17.5 


+.30.0 


-31.5 


-37.2 


+27.7 


+34.9 


C 


-23.5 


-29.0 


-30.7 


-32.6 


-20.8 


-16.2 


+18.5 


+31.0 


-31.1 


-37.5 


+27.3 


+34.5 


7 


-23.9 


-29.4 


-30.5 


-31.5 


-20.4 


-14.3 


+19.6 


+31.3 


-31.2 


-37.5 


+27.0 


+34.6 


8 


-23.9 


-29.6 


-30.6 


-31.4 


-21.0 


-12.0 


+19.4 


+32.6 


-30.7 


-37.4 


+27.0 


+34.6 


9 


-24.2 


-30.2 


-30.6 


-31.8 


-20.1 


-11.1 


+20.6 


+.34.0 


-31.3 


-.37. 9 


+20.7 


+34.7 


10 


-24.9 


-29.7 


-30.3 


-31.5 


-19.4 


-10.8 


+19.7 


+33.7 


-31.6 


-38.0 


+28.3 


+34.7 


11 


-24.0 


-29.5 


-30.1 


-31.3 


-19.9 


-11.4 


+ 19.2 


+33.9 


-31.9 


-37.8 


+27.7 


+34.8 


Noon. 


-23.4 


-29.1 


-29.9 


-31.9 


-19.7 


-13.0 


+20.1 


+ 33.8 


-.32. 1 


-37.5 


+28.2 


+36.6 


13 


-24.0 


-28.9 


-29.2 


-33.0 


-19.4 


-13.6 


+20.0 


+33.7 


-32.0 


-37.0 


+27.8 


+35.5 


14 


-24.1 


-28.5 


-29.7 


-33.0 


-19. 5 


-13.7 


+19.6 


+34.1 


-32.3 


-35.9 


+28.5 


+36.1 


15 


-24.0 


-29.0 


-30.2 


-33.0 


-19.3 


-13.0 


+20.5 


+33.5 


-32.9 


-35.2 


+30.2 


+35.3 


16 


-24.0 


-29.2 


-30.2 


-32.4 


-20.3 


-12.5 


+19.9 


+32.8 


-32.8 


-35.4 


+32.3 


+36.5 


17 


-24.1 


-29.4 


-30.7 


-32.3 


-21.5 


-12.8 


+19.3 


+32.1 


-31.8 


-35.2 


+31.3 


+37.6 


18 


-24.6 


-29.2 


-30.1 


-31.1 


-21.8 


—14.8 


+19.9 


+32.2 


-32.1 


-35.4 


+30.7 


+36.2 


19 


-24.1 


-29.1 


-30.6 


-30.6 


-22.6 


-15.8 


+17.3 


+31.7 


-32.9 


-35.8 


+30.2 


+34.7 


i 20 


-24.4 


-29.3 


-31.0 


.-30.7 


-22.7 


-16.9 


+15.6 


+31.0 


-33.6 


-36.0 


+29.3 


+33.8 


21 


-24.5 


-29.1 


-30.8 


-31.8 


-22.0 


-18.7 


+16.9 


+30.2 


-34.3 


• -36.3 


+26.2 


+33.0 


22 


-24.5 


-29.1 


-30.6 


-30.9 


-21.9 


-19.4 


+ 14.3 


+30.1 


-32. S 


-36.6 


+24.7 


+33.4 


i 23 
, Means. 
Time cor. 


-24.4 


—29.0 


-30.2 


-31.4 


-21.9 


-20.1 


+ 16.0 


+29.6 


-32.1 


-36.8 


+25.2 


+32.6 


-23.96 


-29.22 


-30. 61 


-31.71 


-20.87 


-15. 63 


+18.00 


+31.51 


-31.96 


-36.68 


+27.92 


+34.44 


— 4in. 


-2m. 


-6m. 


-7m. 


—10m. 


-11m. 


-12m. 


-13m. 


-6m. 


-8m. 


-12m. 


—12m. 



36 



ARCTIC TIDES. 



Temperature of the air and atmospTierlc pressure at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldricli, Gape 
Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger, during specified periods, 1908 and 1909 — ■ 



Continued. 



ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. 
[Uncorrected barometric readings.] 



CAPE SHERIDAN. 



CAPE 
MOEEIS 

jEstrr. 



Nov. 
13-30, 
1908. 



Jan. 16- 
Feb. 4, 
1909. 



29. 896 
29. 907 
29. 900 

29. 897 
29.897 
29.901 



29.8 
29.909 
29.910 
29.908 
29.911 
29.909 
29. 912 
9.919 



29. 741 
).749 
).752 

29. 751 
754 
754 

29. 757 
29. 759 
29.758 

29. 758 

29. 752 
.738 



29. 738 

29. 738 

29. 739 
29. 742 
29.744 
29.739 
29.737 
29. 739 

739 
29. 738 



29. 755 
29.747 

1.747 
1.749 
1.761 

29. 756 
760 

29. 753 
).754 
29. 756 
29. 749 
29.748 
29.747 
29.744 
29.742 



29. 752 
29. 762 
29.760 
29.761 
29.758 
29. 754 
129. 744 
129. 744 



29. 700 
29. 760 
29.750 
45 
29. 749 
29. 757 
29. 767 
29. 763 
29. 769 
29. 765 



29. 770 

29.766 
29. 767 
29. 779 
29. 783 
29. 792 



30. 272 

30. 274 

30. 275 

30. 276 
30. 280 
30. 284 

285 
30. 284 



30. 285 
30. 291 



30.287 
30.279 



30. 006 
29. 998 
30. 000 
30. 004 

29. 996 

29. 998 

.996 

29. 986 

29. 980 
29. 978 
29. 977 
29. 976 
29.975 

29. 981 



30. 104 
J30. 098 
|30. 098 
J30. 097 
[30. 099 
j30. 101 
130.107 
30. 112 
30. 119 
30. 126 
30. 124 
30. 122 
30. 116 
130. 116 

30. no 



53 1 30. 101 

29.994 '30.095 

29.998 30.092 

37 130.086 

30.010 ;30.082 



29. 782 

29. 785 

29. 786 
29. 792 
29. 797 
29. 799 
29. 804 
29. 808 
29.814 
29. 813 
29.815 
29.813 
29.810 
29. 810 
29. 818 
29. 821 
29. 820 
29. 816 
29. 812 
29. 807 
29. 804 
29.801 
29.791 
29. 788 



29.997 
29. 999 
30. 001 
30. 005 
30. 004 



29.999 
30.000 
30.000 
29. 998 
29. 993 
29. 998 
29. 997 

29. 991 
29. 990 

29. 992 
29. 990 



29. 972 
29. 974 



29. 972 
29. 970 
29. 972 

29. 979 
29.974 
29.970 
29. 967 
29. 964 

29. 972 
29. 976 
29. 972 
29. 975 

29. 980 
29.983 
29.980 
29.982 
29.988 
29. 988 
29. 982 



30. 472 
30. 467 
30. 471 
30. 467 
30. 471 
30. 476 
30. 475 
30. 484 



30. 477 
30. 469 
30. 494 



30.469 
30.463 
30. 454 
30. 453 
30. 452 
30. 447 
30. 429 



30.020 
30.019 
30.016 
30. 019 
30. 016 
30.021 
30.029 
30. 029 
30.027 
30.011 
30. 014 
30.013. 



29.745 ,29.752 



29.976 



30.469 



-11m. -12m. -13m. 



RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 



37 



Temperature of the air and atmospheric pressure at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape 
Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger, during specified periods, 1908 and 1909 — • 
Continued. 

RESUME OF TEMPERATURES. 



Station and date. 


Maxi- 
mum, 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Station and date. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


CAPE SHERIDAN. 

November 14-30, 1908.. 

December, 1908 

January, 1909 

February, 1909 

March, 1909 

April, 1909 

May 1909 


r- lO o c- CO CO t£ 
° 1 1 1 1 + + - 


-39 
-53 
-49 
-49 

-52 

-37 

15 


-23. 96 
-29. 22 
-30. 61 
-31.71 
-20. 87 
-15.63 

-i-i8_on 


CAPE MORRIS JESUP. 

May 17 to May 22, 1909. 

FORT CONGER. 

June 11 to June 25, 1909. 

June 11 to June 25, 

1882* 


+35 

+54 

+44.4 

+39.6 


+ 16 

+28 

+26.7 

+26.4 


+27. 92 

+34. 44 
+34. 883 


June, 1909 +52 


+15 ' +31.51 


June 11 to June 25, 
1883* 


+33 393 


cemberlS, 1908 ' - 7 

January 16 to Febru- 
ary 12, 1909 -21 

May 17 to May 22, 1909.. +37 
June 11 to June 25, 1909 . , +50 


-39 

-48 
+12 
+25 

-46 
-55 


-25. 75 

-35.48 
+22. 97 
+34. 17 

-31.96 
-36. 68 


Observations made in 
1875-76 and 1881- 
1883 (Greely's Re- 
port, Vol. II, p. 230): 
December 


-28 10 


January 






-38 24 










-40. 13 




March 






-28. 10 










-13.55 


November 17 to De- 


May 






+14. 08 
+32 65 


cember 13 1908 


-14 
-12 


June 






CAPE BRYANT. 

January 16 to Febru- 
ary 12, 1909 











* Greely's Report, Vol. II, pp. 196, 197, 220, 221. Hourly readings used. 

From these values we see that from November 17 to December 13, 1908, the 
average temperature at Point Aldrich was 6.21 degrees lower than the temperature 
at Cape Sheridan for the same period; that from January 16 to February 12, 1909, 
the average temperature at Cape Bryant was 1.20 degrees lower than that at Cape 
Sheridan; that from May 17 to May 22, 1909, the average temperature at Cape 
Morris Jesup was 4.95 degrees higher than that at Cape Sheridan; and that from 
June 11 to June 25, 1909, the average temperature at Fort Conger was practically 
the same as that at Cape Sheridan during this period. 



38 



AEOTIC TIDES. 
RESUME OF BAROMETER READINGS. 



Station and 



CAPE SHERIDAN. 

November 13-30, 1908. . 

December, 1908 

January, 1909 

February, 1909 

March, 1909 

April, 1909 

May, 1909 

June, 1909 

November 17 to De- 
cember 13, 1908 

January 16 to February 
4, 1909 

May 14 to May 22, 1909. 

June 11 to June 25, 1909, 

POINT ALDRICH. 

November 17 to De- 
cember 13, 1908 

CAPE BRYANT. 

January 16 to February 
4, 1909 



30.42 
30.27 
30.42 
30.59 
30.89 
30.58 
30.60 
30.21 

30.42 

30.40 
30.52 
30.10 



28.96 
29.28 
29.18 
29.03 
29.69 
29.20 
29.39 
29.37 

29.26 

29.18 
30.04 
29.47 



29.35 



29. i 



station and date. 



29. 899 
29. 745 
29. 752 

29. 772 

30. 282 
29. 991 
30. 105 
29. 804 

29. 866 

29. 691 

30. 304 
29. 834 



29. 998 



CAPE MORRIS JESUT. 

May 14 to May 22, 1909. 

FORT CONGER. 

June 11 to June 25, 1909 . 

June 11 to June 25, 

1882* 

June 11 to June 25, 



Observations made in 
1881-1883 (Greely's 
Report, Vol. II, p. 
166): 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 



30.70 

30.19 
30. 129 
30. 218 



29.74 
29. 416 
29. 590 



30. 013 

29. 817 
29. 949 



29. 922 
29. 796 
29. 672 

29. 893 

30. 099 
30. 066 
29. 878 



' Greely's Report, Vol. II, pp. 122, 123, 146, 147. Hourly 



are reduced to sea level. 



The above tabulation shows that during the month the average fluctuation of 
the barometer at Cape Sheridan amounts to 1.2 inches, being greatest in February 
and least in June. 

An inspection of the monthly means shows that the barometer at Cape Sheridan 
is lowest for the months of December and January, or about January 1, and highest 
about April 1, the range of the fluctuation being about 0.5 inch. These results agree 
well with those obtained by Greely at Fort Conger and illustrated by a diagram on 
page 166, Vol. II, of his Report. 

From the tabulation made according to hours of the day, there is seen to be a 
diurnal fluctuation at Cape Sheridan amounting to a little more than one one- 
hundredth of an inch. The minima of this fluctuation are fairly well defined from 
November to April and occur at about 2 o'clock both a. m. and p. m. 



CHAPTER II. 
HARMONIC CONSTANTS FOR ARCTIC SEAS. 

The following table contains the principal harmonic constants for all stations 
north of the sixtieth parallel where such constants are at present available to the 
writer. The stations are arranged in the order of their longitude. The signifi- 
cance of these constants will be considered in Chapter IV. 

For want of space in the body of the table, the harmonics of M, and the diurnal 
component P^ are, when known, given in the footnotes. A few other components 
can in some cases be obtained from, the pubHshed values to wliicli reference is made 
in the notes. 

In this table are also given quantities which show the character of the tide at 
the various stations, the mean range of tide as computed from the harmonic con- 
stants, and the high-water tidal hours. Of these quantities, S2/M2 denotes the ratio 
of the principal solar to the principal lunar tide; N2/M2 measures the parallactic 
or parallax inecpality in the ampMtude of the tide; 82° — M2° and Mj" — ^2° denote 
ages of the phase and parallax inequahties expressed in degrees; K^ +0; is very 
nearly equal to the average tropic amplitude of the diurnal wave; and K^" — Oi° 
denotes the age of the diurnal wave expressed in degrees. The tidal hours are the 
component hours increased by the longitude of the station if the latter is west and 
dimitiished if it is east, the longitude being expressed in hours. 

At the end of the table is a supplementary set of values for several stations. 
The values given earher in the table are to be preferred to these for various reasons 
which may be gathered from the footnotes. 

39 



40 



ARCTIC TIDES. 

Tahle of hannonic constants, tidal hours, etc. 



Geographic positi- 



De- 
grees. 



North. 

Jan Mayen Island 71 00 

Nennortalik 

Godthaab 64 12 

Cape Bryant 

Cape Sheridan 82 27 

PolarisBay 81 36 

Fort Conger, Discovery Harbor 81 44 

Port Burwell, Ungava Bay 60 25 

KinguaFiord 66 36 

Point Aldrich, Cape Columbia 83 05 

Inlet 62 33 

Van Rensselaer Harbor 78 37 

Stupart Bay 61 35 

Port Foulke. 

Port BoncherviUe, Nottingham Island .... 62 12 

Port Laperri6re, Digges Island 62 34 

Port Leopold, Barrow Strait 73 50 

Beechey Island ' 74 

Port Kennedy, BeUot Strait ' 72 01 

Northumberland Soimd, Penny Strait ; 76 52 

Winter Harbor i 74 47 

Kokinhenic Island | 60 18 

Pete Dahl Slough \ 60 23 

Orca, Prince William Sound ' 60 35 

Fla.xman Island I 70 11 

Orca, Cape Whitshed 60 28 

Camp April 60 32 

Valdez Arm | 61 07 

Rocky Point ' 60 57 



West. \ 
8 28 I 
45 16 
51 44 ' 
55 30 
61 21 
61 41 , 
64 44 
64 46 
67 20 

69 35 

70 35 

70 53 

71 32 
73 00 

78 01 

90 20 

91 54 
94 15 
97 00 

111 00 
145 03 
145 24 
145 41 
145 50 

145 55 

146 00 
146 27 
146 42 



4 05 
4 07 
4 19 
4 19 



4 3S 0. 38 
4 42 11.00 
4 44 I 3. 37 
4 46 

4 52 

5 10 

5 12 

6 01 
6 08 

6 17 

7 24 



,12 
9 42 
9 43 

9 43 1 0. 22 
9 44 i 4. 42 
9 44 j 4.54 
9 46 : 4.51 
9 47 j 4.46 



161.0 
193.0 



335.0 
263.0 
158.7 
229.9 
234.0 

227.0 
321.8 
260.0 
257.0 ; 
338.0 ■ 
347.0 
356. 2 I 
359.9 ! 
33.5 ' 
11.9 
12.7 
357.7 
354.3 
8.4 
356.0 
353.7 
358.8 



10.94 
5.37 
6.43 
0.14 
10.12 
II. 73 
11.17 
8.77 
5.30 



11.12 
7.57 

10.73 
8.67 
8.57 

11.27 

11.57 



11.87 
12.00 
1.12 



2.33 
2. 67 I 
0.16 

1.49 
3.05 
1.52 

1.77 
1.24 
0.64 



0.67 



5 

321 i 

316 ' 
29 I 0. 42 I 
34 ; 0.43 



0.60 
0.23 
0.71 
0. 40 0. 28 
0.42 , 1.05 
11.92 j 1.61 
11.81 j 0.09 
0.28 I 1.56 
11.87 i 1.53 
11.79 [ 1.52 
11.96 I 1.50 



32 



0.27 ; 

0.17 
0.52 
0.85 
0.47 j 
1.05 

0.14 j 
0.90 j 
0.90 I 
1.18 
0.31 
0.22 



52 



1. Hourly gauge readings published in Die Internationale Polarforschung, 1JS2-83, Vol. I, III Theil, pp. 4-9. Series of hourly 
values analyzed: Apr. 28 to Aug. 10. 1883: 104,} days. M4=0.004 ft., M4°=358°; Mc=0.017 ft., M6°=270°. Analysis made in Coast 
and Geodetic Survey Office. 

2. Harmonic constants published in Danske Konebaadsexpedition til Gr0nlands (Z)stk.vst, 1883-85. Observations Mel^orlogiques 
et Nautiques, Flux et reflux de la mer k quelques points de la Cote Est du Gronland, p. 42: also in Proc. Rov. Soc, Vol. 45 (1S88- 
89), p. 569. 

3. Harmonic constants published in Observations Internationales Polaire^, lb82-}'3 Expedition Danoibe, Tome II, 1, II, p 
3; also in Proo. Roy. Soc, Vol. 45 (1888-89), p. 569. Series ol ^alue!^ analyzed: July lb to Aug. 31, 1883: 6 weeks. 

4. Hourly and other staff readings made by Ross G Mai\ in cil the l"iis-'i I'eai v Expedition. Series of hourly values analyzed: 
Jan. 16 to Feb. 13, 1909, 29 da^s M4=0 niS ft", M!°=320° M ii niis ii M ^_>74°. AnalvMs made in Coast and Geodetic Survey 
Office. 

5 TT,.iiil\ and (.n.fi vt til uMiliii!,'- iiiidp l.\ D B M i. null iii iii^l li(k liaiiKs ()l(hePeai\ E\i)Cdifion, lQOS-9 Seiies of 
Ik, nib In , I , '" In T ^' imi I'U'dus j\l,= ii lil_' II M^"- r.s" AI,-0(OSfi M„"=18n°, Pi=n 053 



)tli( 



S Expedition to Lad 
JL=noi8 ft., iU°=.il 
70 Bi-hourly heights 



khii Ha\ , A'ol II, p. 
= 077 ft , r,"=2.33°. 
ed Length of series 



, II - nits of the 1 S Vniii l\i(diii.Mi \ nl I i.]!.!-,') Sei IPs of hoi 

\aliM 111 ill 1 I _ _ iiid March t. to Ma\ ,l,ls7_' S7,la\s M ,= n 1117 fl . i\L°= il°, M6=(l 

it., Mb = lis uirtl^sp., jiiadr lu I ui-i and '.CT.aeiii .siii\e\ Ollae 

7. Haniiumo LOnhtant* published m Eepoit on the Pioieedings of the I 
697. Series of hourly staff readmgs analvzed: Aug. 20, 18S1, to Aug. 25, iss:; 

8. Harmonic coiistants published in Proc. Roy. Soc ,Vol 45 (1888-8Q), p. 
analyzed, 2 weeks, 1885. 

9. Harmonic constants pubUshed in Die Internationale Polarforschung, 1SS2-83, Proc Roy. Soc, Vol 45 
Hourly values from bi-hourly and other readings were analyzed: Juh 22 to Sept 8, lss3, 41 davs 

lO' Hourly and other staff readings made by D. B. Macmillan, of tl e Pejr\ Expedition Series of hourly values analvzed: 
Nov. 16 to Dec. 12, 1908; 29 davs. M4=0 009 ft., Mi°=285°; M(i=0 004 1t ,M„°=]s4° Anah si^ made in Coast and Geodetic Survey 
Office. 

11. Harmonic constants published in Proc Roy. Soc.A'ol. 45 (l>Ss-<'S9). i\ 570. Bi-liourly and other heiglits observed. Length 
of series analyzed, 1 month, 1886. 

12. Hourly gauge readings published in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge (1860), Tidal Observations in the .\rctic 
Seas, pp. G-36" Two series of hourly values analyzed: Oct. 19 to Dec. 15, 1853, and May 7 to July 3, 1854; each 58 days in length. 
Mi= 0.058 ft., M.t°=18.5°: M6=0.039 ft., M(i°=142°. Analyses made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

13. Harmonic constants published in Proc Roy. Soc, Vol. 45 (1888-89), p. 570. Bi-hourly and other heights observed. Length 
of series analyzed, 2 weeks, 1886. 



HABMONIC CONSTANTS FOR ARCTIC SEAS. 

Table of harmonic constants, tidal hours, etc. 



41 




0.09 ; 

0.15 j 
0.09 j 

0.19 ; 



0.11 
0.21 



0.25 
0.04 


.s: 


0.44 


164 


0.49 


162 


0.58 


178 


0.15 


213 


0.10 


130 


0.34 


178 


0.84 


121 


0.98 


115 


0.09 


45 


1.06 


118 


0.98 


110 


0.97 


111 


1.05 


124 



0.43 
0.35 
0.55 
0.47 



0.34 
0.42 
0.37 



0.33 
0.34 
0.59 
0.25 
0.30 
0.36 
0.43 
0.35 
0.34 
0.34 
0.34 



0.19 
0.19 
0.17 
0.19 
0.19 



0.15 
0.20 
0.14 
0.23 



0.14 
0.18 
0.20 
0.19 



1.80 
0.58 
0.44 
0.44 
0.56 



0.65 ! 

0.40 

0.49 

0.66 

0.39 

1.14 

0.29 

0.49 

0.54 

0.49 

0.48 

0.45 



Ft. 

0.30 

0.98 

0.99 

0.46 

0.25 

0.55 

0.37 

0.67 

0.36 

0.28 

0.73 

3.27 

0.78 

1.46 

0.47 



3.84 
3.49 
1.09 
9.78 
12.31 
12.50 
3.85 



1.77 
5.30 
5.70 
6.16 
6.47 

10.07 
10.12 
9.64 
9.53 
10.01 
9.60 
9.56 



7.00 
10.62 
11.92 
22.77 
23.95 
20.51 
19.12 
11.92 

6.62 

1.36 
11.90 
17.60 
11.64 
17.33 
11.24 

9.47 
20.43 
22.33 [ 
22.62 
24.74 



18.83 
18.39 
10.25 
18.40 
18.00 
17.97 
17.58 



3.85 
7.95 
8.85 
21.15 
22.63 
18.04 
17.59 
14.79 
7.61 
23.36 
3.97 
14.73 
5.17 
14.53 



16.93 
18.15 
20.67 
16.07 
21.54 
17.77 
17.39 
12.72 
17.60 
17.06 
17.17 



14. Hourly or hlgh-and-low water readings published in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 196, Physical Observa- 



, and June 7 to July 5, 1861, 



tions in the Arctic Seas, pp. 118-129. Two series of hourly values analyzed: Nov. 22 to Dec. 
each 29 days in length. Analyses made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

15. Harmonic constants published in Proc. Roy. Soc, Vol. 45 (1888-89), p. 570. Bi-hourly and other heights observed. Length 
of series analyzed, 1 month, 1886. 

16. Ibid., Vol. 45 (1888-89), p. 570. Bi-hourly and other heights observed. Length of series analvzed, 2 weeks, 1880. 

17. Ibid., Vol. 39 (1885), pp. 174, 175; 194, 195. Nov. 1, 1848. to July 31, 1849. M4=0.016 ft., M4°=202°; Pi=0.21fi ft., Pi°=218°. 

18. Ibid., Vol. 39, pp. 174, 175; 194, 195, Nov. 2, 1858, to Feb. 28, 1859. M4=0.024 ft.; M4°=268°; Pi=0.215ft.; Pi''=222°. 

19. Hqurly gauge readings published in Phil. Trans., Vol. 165 (1875), pp. 340-345. Series of hourly values analyzed: July 1 
to 29, 1859; 29 davs. M4=0.094 ft.; M.,''=214''; M6"'=0.n(i0 ft.: JL°=lti4°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

20. High and low waters published in I lie Phil. Trans. Koyal 8oc., Vol. 165 (187.5), pp. 318-320. Series used: May 27 to June 
24. 1853; 29 days. Analysis made in Coast and (ieodetic Survey OIHcp according to a method described on pp. 569-572, Report 
of Superintendent for 1897 (Manual. Pt. II), and pp. 494, 49.i, Report for 1907 (Manual, Pt. V). 

21. Ranges of tide published in Capt. Parry's Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of the North-West Pa,ssage, etc. (London, 
1821). Series used: May 5 to June 2. isifi; Ji) days. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office according to a method 
de-scribed on pp. 569-572, Report of .Superintendent for 1S97 (Manual, Pt. II), and pp. 494, 495, Report lor 1907 (Manual, Pt. V). 

22. Staff readings by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: June 10 to July 8, 1898; 29 days. Mt= 
0.319 ft.; M4°=13°; M6=0.052 ft.; },W=3i6°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

23. Stafl readings bv Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: Aug. 21) to Sept. 24, 1898; 29 days, 
M,=0.18S ft., M4''=296°; M6=0.084 ft., M6°=355°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

24. Stafl readings bv Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: May 24 to June 21, 1898; 29 days. Mi= 
0.0167 ft., Mi°=138°; M6=0.087 ft., M6'>=30°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

25. Hourly and other staff readings bv .Vnglo- -American Expedition, under -Ejnar M'ikkelsen and Ernest de K. Leffingwell. 
Series of hourly values analyzed: Oct. 21 to Dec. 12, 1900; 58 davs. Mi=0.007 ft., Mi°=274''; M,)=0.004 ft., M6°=141°. Analysis 
made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

26. Stall readings bv Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analvzed: July 1 to July 29, 1.S99; 29 davs. M4= 
0.363 ft., M4°=231°: M6=0.143 ft., Mi;°=ll°. .Analysis made in Coast arid Geodetic Survey Offi'ce. 

27. Staff readings by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourlv values analvzed: May 22 to Jime 19, 1900; 29 days. 'H^= 
0.061 ft.. M,°=13S°; M6=0.023 ft., M6°=129°. .Analysis made in Coast 'and Geodetic'Survey O'ffice. 

28. Stafl readings by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: .\ug. 9 to Sept. 6, 1901; 29 days. M)= 
0.090 ft., M4°=141''; M6=0.029 ft., M6°=190°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

29. Hourly staff readings by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: June 22 to July 20, 1902; 29 days. 
Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 



42 



AECTIC TIDES, 

Table of harmonic constants, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



Geographic position. 





• M2°. 






M2. 


De- 
grees. 


Lunar 
hours. 


S2. 


82°. 


Ft. 


„ 


h. 


Ft. 


„ 


0.17 


336.2 


11.21 


0.07 


16 


0.55 


235.4 


7.85 


0.12 


338 


0.47 


213.4 


7.11 


0.03 


346 


0.08 


4.1 


0.14 


0.03 


60 


0.51 


178.0 


5.93 


0.21 


229 


0.43 


278.8 


9.30 


0.14 


333 


3.77 


192.0 


6.40 


1.15 


237 


3.29 


163.5 


5.45 


0.92 


208 


0.43 


217.0 


7.23 


0.15 


244 


0.08 


13.0 


0.43 


0.05 


2 


0.23 


74.0 


2.47 


0.14 


145 


0.23 


38.0 


1.27 


0.11 


118 


0.92 


98.5 


3.28 


0.35 


150 


1.15 


74.5 


2.48 


0.43 


121 


1.74 


57.0 


1.90 


0.50 


106 


2.98 


3.5 


0.12 


1.08 


44 


2.84 


356.5 


11.88 


0.98 


35 


1.36 


38.2 


1.27 


0.26 


70 


1.44 


297.5 


9.92 


0.52 


334 


0.77 


301.2 


10.04 


0.37 


347 


1.96 


334.5 


11.15 


0.84 


16 


0.47 


168.4 


5.61 


0.17 


230 


1.07 


43.0 


1.43 


0.20 


99 


0.92 


64.6 


2.15 


0.33 


117 


1.36 


15.0 


0.50 


0.47 


es 



Point Barrow (Ooglaamie). 

St. Michael 

Point Clarence 

Pitlekaj 



Teplitz Bay 

Cape Flora 

Port Ekaterininskoi. 
Vardo 



Eatan 

Bjom 

Draghallan.. 
Treurenberg. 
Mossel Bay . . 

Fineide 

Kabelvaag . . . 

Bodoe 

Port Virgo... 
Bergen 



Cape Sheridan. 
Fort Conger... 



North. 
71 18 
63 29 
65 14 
67 03 

North. 
81 47 
79 57 



79 53 

67 17 

68 13 
67 17 
79 43 
60 24 

North. 
82 27 
81 44 

North. 



TepUtz Bay. . 
Treurenberg "* 
Treurenberg* 
Port Virgo*. 



West. 
156 40 
162 02 
166 24 
173 30 
East. 
57 56 
49 59 
33 27 
31 06 
22 58 
20 55 
17 58 
17 28 
16 52 
16 04 

15 30 
14 30 
14 23 
10 44 

5 18 
West. 
61 21 
64 45 
East. 
57 59 

16 52 
16 52 



h. m. 
10 27 

10 48 

11 06 
11 34 

3 52 
3 20 
2 14 
2 04 



1. Half-hourly readings published in Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, pp. 
Series of hourly values analyzed: Feb. 26 to June 10, 1883; 104§ days. M4=0.003 ft., M4°=319°; M6=0.003 ft., M6°=106°. Analysis 
made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

2. Automatic record by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Three series of hourly values analyzed: May 15 to July 10, 1891; 58 days. 
July 16 to Aug. 13, 1898; 29 days; and July 1 to Aug. 27, 1899; 58 days. M4=0.042 ft., M4°=150°; M6=0.018 ft., Mg°=266°. Analyses 
made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

3. .Automatic gauge records by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: Aug. 26 to Sept. 23, 1900; 29 
days. M4=0.097 ft., M4°=.301°; M6=0.028 ft., M6°=212°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

4. Hourly gauge readings published in Vega-expeditionens vetenskapliga arbeten, Bd. 5. Series of hourly values analyzed: 
Deo. 7, 1878 (European date) to June 7, 1879; 162i days. M4=0.0049 ft., M4°=144°; M6=0.0088 ft., Mo°=3°. Analysis made in 
Coast and Goedetio Survey Office. 

5. Harmonic constants published in The Ziegler Polar Expedition, Scientific Results, p. 575. Series of hourly values ana- 
lyzed: April 1 to May 28, 1904; 58 days. M4= 0.005 ft., M4°=357''; M6= 0.004, M6°=2(i4°. 

6. Ibid., p. 574. Series of hourly values analyzed: May 21 to Sept. 2,1904; 104J days. Mi=0.00B ft.,M4°=189°; M6=0.008 ft., 
M6°=162°. 

7. Harmonic constants published in annual tide tables for the year 1910, issued bv the Russian Hydrographio Office, St. 
Petersburg. Pi=0.16 ft., Pi°=280°. 

8. Harmonic constants pubhshed in Resultater af Vandstands-Observationer paa den Norske Kyst, Hefte VI (1904). Series 
used: 369 days beginning June 1, 1881, and 369 days beginning April 1, 1891. M4=0.039 ft., M4°=202°; Pi=0.115 ft., Pi°=282°. 

9. Harmonic constants published in Untersuchungen zur Kenntnis der Wasserbewegungen und der Wasserumsetzung in 
den Finland XJmgebenden Meeren, by RoU Witting (Helsingfors, 1908), p. 205. Hourly observations. Period analzyed, 1 year. 
1903. M4=0.023 ft., M4°=128°; Pi=0.14 ft., Pi°=122''. 

10. Ibid., p. 206. Observations taken at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m. Period analyzed, 2 years, 1904 and 1905. Pi=0.15ft., 
Pi°=346°. 

11. Ibid., p. 200. Observations taken at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m. Period analyzed, 2 years, 1904 and 1905. Pi=019 ft., 
Pi°=231°. 

12. Ibid., p. 206. Observations taken at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m. Period analyzed, 2 years, 1904 and 1905. Pi=0.10 ft., 
Pi°=158°. 

13. Hourly gauge readings published in Missions ScientlCques pour la mesure d'un are de m^ridien au Spitzberg. H 
su^doise Tome I, Section V, pp. 34 to 37. Series of hourly values analyzed: Mar. 30 to June 12, 1900; 104J days. M4=0.( 
M4°=127°; M6=0.038 ft., M6°=61°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 



).032 ft.. 



HAKMONIC CONSTANTS FOR ARCTIC SEAS. 

Table of liarmonic constants, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



43 



M2& 

har- 
monics. 



0.97 
0.56 
0.48 
1.10 

0.42 
0.33 



Ft. 
0.11 
2.11 
0.37 



0.25 
0.18 
0.20 
0.20 



0.56 0.14 

0.36 ' 0.75 

0. 33 0. 36 

0.39 0.11 



- 46 

-160 

-174 

148 

158 

176 

-157 



9.65 
6.65 
6.21 
11.71 

2.06 
5.97 
4.17 
3.38 
5.70 
11.04 
1.27 
12.10 
2.16 
1.41 
12.87 
11.15 
10.91 
12.55 
9.57 



1.74 
12.31 

1.03 
11.78 



5.06 
11.74 



2.2 



12.82 
11.04 
10.75 
12.56 



20.86 
13.48 
15.88 
13.68 



19.73 
1.61 



14. Harmonic constants publislied in Bibang till Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinger, Vol. 15, Part I, No. 
II (1889-90), also in Mission Scientifique, p. 22. Series analyzed: 38 days beginning Oct. 20, 1872, and 66 davs beginning Feb. 18, 
1873. Ki° and Oi° should be altered by 180°. Cf. a remark upon p. SCO, Proc. Roy. Soc, Vol. 45 (1889). The observations as pub- 
lished begin at midnight, and the C's refer to this hour, as is explicitly stated. But the Vo+u must have been taken for noon in 
order to give the k's as there pubhshed, where k=^+ Vo+u. Hence epochs of diumals must be altered by 180°. 

15. Harmonic constants pubhshed in Bihang till Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinger, Vol. 15 (1889-90). 
Series used: 369 days beginning June 1, 1896, and 350 days beginning Dec. 1, 1897. M4=0.039 ft., M4°=61°; M6=0.039ft., M6°=179°; 
Pi=0.074lt., Pi°=236°. 

16. Ibid. Series used: 369 days beginning Dec. 1, 1884, and 369 days beginning Feb. 7, 1889. M4=0.141 ft., M4°=323°; Pi= 
0.090 ft., Pi°=202°. 

17. Ibid. Series used: 369 days beginning June 1, 1896, and 369 days beginning Jan. 1, 1900. Mi=0.162 ft., M4°=292°; Pi= 
0.095 ft.. Pi °= 194°. 

18. Hourly gauge readings published in Missions Scientifiques pour la mesure d'un arc de meridien au Spitzberg; Mission sud- 
doise Tome I, Section V, pp. 56, 57. Series of hourly values analyzed: Jime 9 to July 7, 1897; 29 days. M4=0.006 ft., M4°=168°; 
M6=0.016 ft., M6°=107°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 

19. Harmonic constants published in Resultater of Vandstands-Observationer paa den Norska Kyst, Hefte VI (1904). 
Series used: 369 days beginning Dec. 27, 1884, and 369 days beginning Dec. 1, 1893. Pi=0.036 ft., Pi°=152°. 

20. Hourly and other staff readings made by Ross G. Marvin, of the Peary Expedition, 1905-6. Series of hourly values 
analyzed: Nov. 4 to Dec. 2, 1905; 29 days. Mi=0.019 ft., M,°=325°; M6=0.012 ft., M6°=208°. Analysis made in Coast and Geo- 
detic Survey Office. 

21. Hourly and other staff readings made by D. B. Maemillan, of the Peary Expedition, 1908-9. Series of hourly values ana- 
lyzed: June 11 to 25, 1909; 15 days. M4=0.012 ft., M4°=320°. Analysis made in Coast and (Jeodetic Survev Office. 

22. Harmonic constants published in Osservazioni Scientifiche eseguite durante la Spedizione Polare di S. A. R. Luigi Amedeo 
di Savoia Duoa degli Abruzzi (Milan, 1903, pp. 167, 177), also in Scientific Results of the Ziegler Polar Expedition, 1903-1905, p. 
575. Sept. 19 to Oct. 17, 1899; March 16 to April 3, 1900; and June 3 to 27, 1900. 

23. Harmonic constants published in Missions Scientifiques pour la mesure d'un arc de meridien au Spitzberg; Mission 
su^doise Tome I, Section V., p. 25. Aug. 23 to Sept. 13, 1899. 

24. Ibid., p. 22. March 29 to July 12, 1900. 

25. Ibid., p. 54. June 8 to July 12, 1897. 

* These epochs or angles for Treurenberg, as well as those for Port Virgo, are evidently erroneous. 



CHAPTER III. 
NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES, AND THE SET OF THE CURRENTS. 

REMARKS ON NONHARMONIC METHODS OF REDXJCING OBSERVATIONS. 

In computing the limitidal intervals, the times of liigh and low water are sup- 
posed to be referred to the local times of the transit of the moon across the meridian 
of the place. But in making the observations, time other than local is frequently- 
used, especially the time pertaining to some standard or particular meridian whose 
west longitude in hours may here be denoted by S. 

The transits used in the tabulations may belong to any meridian. Let the west 
longitude of this meridian expressed in hours be denoted by E, the initial of the word 
"ephemeris." 

In rare instances, the times of the transits across the given meridian, E, are 
expressed in time belonging to some other meridian whose west longitude, in hours, 
may be denoted by T. 

L denotes the west longitude of the station expressed in hours. 

When concerned with east longitudes, write the minus sign before the values of 
S, E, T, and L. 

The correction to change observation time into local time is S — L, and the cor- 
rection to the lunitidal intervals, due to the motion of the moon in her orbit while 
passing from the meridian E'to the meridian L, is 0.035 {E—L). The entire interval 
correction (unless the transits are expressed in other than E'-meridian time), is 

^-i + 0.035 {E-L). (1) 

If the transits across the E'-meridian are given in T-meridian time, they are reduced 
to ^'-meridian time by adding T- E; the above interval correction will be increased 
by E— T. For the general case the entire interval correction thus becomes 

S-L + QMb {E-L) + E-T. (2) 

In order to obtain directly an independent determination of the lunitidal interval, 
observations should be continued at least a fortnight or semilunation. By using 
multiples of this period, the accuracy of the determination will, of course, be increased. 
When only a few high and low waters have been observed, a correction must be applied 
to the intervals to allow for this circumstance. This is easily done if the station in 
question is located near a station whose tides are well known and for which observa- 
tions or predictions can be procured covering the period of the given observations. 

When such is not the case, the principal correction to the interval can be obtained 
by means of tables given on pages 375 and 376, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report 
for 1897, or from the same tables given in the Introduction to the annual Tide Tables 
published by the Survey; but before using these we must make some estimate of the 
age of the tide and of the values of the mean, spring, and neap ranges. 



NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 45 

The age of tidal ineqiialit}^ is the time by which its appearance follows the occur- 
rence of the corresponding inequality in the tide-pi'oducing forces. 

Li harmonic notation, the respective ages of the phase, "parallactic, " and diurnal 
inequaHties are 

S3°-M3° M3°-N3° K,°-0,° 
Sj — m2 ' mj — Uj ' kj — Oi ' . ' 

or — 

0.984 {8,°-M,°), 1.837 (M2°-N2°), 0.911 (K,°-0,°), (4) 

mean solar hours. 

If high water heights are tabulated with reference to the transit of the moon 
across a given meridian, they evidently belong on an average to a time a constant 
number of hours, HWI (uncorrected), after the moon's transit. If ranges — that is, 
both liigh and low waters — are tabulated, they belong to a time J (HWI + LWI) after 
the moon's transit. Similar remarks apjily when lunitidal intervals are tabulated for 
the purpose of ascertaining the age "from the times," i. e., from the positions of the 
lunitidal intervals when they take their mean values. 

The age as determined by tabulating with reference to the transits of the moon 
must, if expressed in degrees, be corrected by the known change in the astronomical 
argument which takes place during the actual time wliich elapses between the lunar 
transit and the high waters or ranges used. 

Consequently, in order to have an age properly determined, its value must relate 
to the tide and not to the associated transit. 

If local times and local transits are used throughout and if both high and low 
water heights are used, the expression, in solar hours, for age of the phase inequaUty, 
or, as it is commonly called, the age of the tide, is 

^^^-'-wToTn^a'^X'^i (HWI+LWI, (5) 

= 30 [hour of transit x (hwI + LWI) = ^^ ("^ ^^T) 
S2 — mjlfor max. range] ^ Sj — mj 

S2 — m2 S2 — nij 1.0159 ^ ^ ^ 

To correct the age when the transits used are across the meridian E and expressed 
in r meridian time add T— £* hours to the observed "hour of transit for maximum 
range," or 

hours to the imcorrected age. The high and low water intervals may be corrected 
by means of formula (2) . 

When the series is short, say less than about six months in length, the age 
should be increased by a number of hours equal to 

(equation of time in minutes), f (8) 



2 (s2-m2) 



*I. e., Ferrel's o-i corrected for lunitidal intervals when necessary, 
t The "equation" added to apparent times gives mean time. 



46 ARCTIC TIDES. 

S2 — m2 being twice the hourly rate of separation between moon and sun. Or the 
numerators of (6) should be increased by an angle equal to 

-0.5 (equation of time in minutes) (9) 

since the "speed" of the inequality is S2 — m2 = 1.0159 degrees per hour. If the 
"hour of transit" refer to apparent time, the need for this correction will disappear. 
In computing HWI and LWI, however, either mean or apparent time should be 
used for both transits and tides. 

On account of the moon's variation, the (solar) daily retardation of the moon at 
the time of syzygy is 49.9 minutes and at the time of quadrature 47.6; that is, the 
daily separation of moon and mean sun is not quite uniform, and so in place of 48.8 
in formula (5) these values should be substituted if syzygies alone or quadratures 
alone are used. Generally, both syzygies and quadratures are used, thus making 
the consideration of the moon's variation unnecessary. 

If solstitial and equinoctial tides be separately considered, it should be borne 
in mind that the daily retardation of the moon upon the mean sun is increased by 

one-twelfth part of its mean value for . ^- V and decreased by one- 

[equmoctial neaps J •' 

twelfth part for , , •,• 1 . That is, the age in the former case will be 

^ [solstitial neaps J 

one-twelfth part less than its mean value, while in the latter case it will be one-twelfth 

part greater than its mean value. Here tz = 1 — cosw, where co is the obliquity of 

the ecliptic* 

All the foregoing statements imply the assumption that the maximum or mini- 
mum tidal effect on range follows the maximum or minimum value of the slowly 
varying tidal forces by a lag, or interval of tim^, constant for a given station. This 
assumption can be strictly true only where the semidiurnal portion of the lunar and 
solar tide waves, if it were possible to so decompose the tide wave into two parts, are, 
at all times, respectively similar to the waves or curves which represent the corre- 
sponding semidiurnal tidal forces. 

The amount by which the M2-wave is accelerated by the Sa-wave is the angle 
(in Ms-degrees) whose tangent is f 

A A sin [arg S2 - S^ - (arg M2 -MD] 



1 + ^ i^ cos [arg S2 - S^ - (arg M2 - M^l 
Mo m^ 



Here S2 = 30°, m2 = 28°.9841042; S3-m2 = 1.01590; S2/m2 = 1.03505; and s|/mi = 
1.07133. S2-M; = age of tide in hours x (82-1112). 

* Cf . Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1897, p. 500 (Manual, Pt. II), Airy: Tides and Waves, Art. 541. 
t Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1894, p. 131, eq. (7); p. 169, eq. (157); Table I; pp. 190-193 
(Manual, Pt. III). 



NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS, 47 

At the times of full and change the astronomical arguments of Sj and Ma are equal, 
and the amount, in solar mmutes of time, whereby the interval then exceeds the 
mean mterval or the spring interval, is, 

S 
1.035^' sin [S^-M:] 

2 X 1.035 tani ^^ ; (H) 

1 + 1.0713^ cos K-M;] 

and so, where the age is not too great, 
g 
^ sin [1.0159 (age m hours) = S^ - Ms] 

122.765 ^ g (12) 

1 + 1.0713 ^ cos [1.0159 (age in hours) =S2-Ma 

The number 122.765 = 2 —/^^Y The ratio ^ is nearly equal to ^^7 P 
- y^^^J M, bg + iNp 

where Sg and Np denote sprmg and neap ranges. Its theoretical value, judged from 
the tidal forces, is 0.46531. The actual value from observation is generally some- 
what less. See table given on pages 40 to 43. 

To take account of the effect of the moon's variation, M, in formulas (11) and 
(12) should be replaced by Mo_ + pL2- This amounts to multiplying (11) or (12) by a 
factor approximately equal to 0.983. The "speed" of the lunar forces at syzygy is 
(0.9992) m.; a value sufficiently near to that of mj for the present purpose. 

Computation for the required quantity, viz., the excess of the full-and-change 
interval over the mean interval, can be avoided by making use of Table 24, page 254, 
Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1894 (Manual, Pt. III). 

The ratio of the solar tide to the lunar tide as determined "from heights" is 
Sg-Np 
Sg + Np 

Using Air3-'s notation,* and supposing the period of the lunar tide to differ 
but slightly from that of the solar, the amount by which the lunar tide is retarded 
by the solar is 2 (9 — 2 /^. where 

tan (2 0-2 X)^ _ S^ ain (2 ^rT^j- ^^^ 

M" + S" cos (2m-s-2 nr) ^ 

Here d denotes the hour-angle of the moon to the west of the meridian at the time 
of high water; ?. denotes the luni tidal interval expressed in lunar degrees; m — s is 
"the excess of the sun's hour angle above the moon's at the instant of computation 
for tide." S'VM" here denotes the amplitude ratio of the solar to the lunar tide as 
inferred from the observed angle 2 6 — 2 X. 

The numerical value of the right-hand member becomes a maximum when 

cos (2 m-s-2 cr) equals -^jTrT/- Substituting this value for cosine and ^1 - -—^ 
for sine in (13), it becomes 

tan(2»-2A)=^,jp|;=,; (14) 

and so 

sin(2^-2;0=j|^;. (15) 

* Tides and Waves, Ai-ts. 44, 457, 535, and 541. 



48 ABCTIC TIDES. 

The range of fluctuation in interval is 2 (2 ^ — 2 >^) degrees of a semidaily wave, 

or 2 ^ — 2 >^ of a daily. The range, x, expressed in minutes of time, = 4 (2 (9 — 2 A) or 

S" ■ X ■ ■ ■ ■ 

ir-f77=sin-. This is the ratio as determined ''from times." (See footnote to table, 

M 4 

pp. 51, 53.) 

Laplace used A-^-^A'— ^^ to denote the ratio of the solar to the lunar tide, the 

tides being so reduced as to refer to mean parallax and zero declination.* S. 
Houghton denotes this ratio by S/M.f 

Whewell uses h/h' to denote the ratio of the solar to the lunar tide. Both 
sun and moon are supposed to take their various distances and declinations, J or 
the tides are supposed to be so reduced by suitable tables (empirical or theoretical) 
as to correspond to mean distances and declinations of these bodies. However, since 
the declinations of sun and moon do not, in the long run, differ much from each 
other, this distinction in the ratio can generally be ignored. 

Whether this ratio is derived from the times or the heights of the tides will 
have to be gathered from the context of the memoirs in which it has been given. 

Before the mathematical developments underlying the harmonic analysis were 
carried out, the diurnal wave was but imperfectly understood, and so little will be 
given here in reference ta older nonharmonic determinations. It may, however, be 
said that Wliewell pointed out a way for determining it when high and low waters 
are given § and L. F. Pom-tales, of the United States Coast Survey, devised a 
graphical process for its determination from a tide curve or marigram.|| 

CORRECTING OBSERVED RANGES AND INTERVALS. 

The intervals are first of all corrected for the kind of time used and the meridian 
of the transits by means of formula (1) or (2). 

The mean ranges of tide and the mean lunitidal intervals for short series of 
observations were reduced or corrected in the following manner. Let (Sj)/ denote 
the Sj at a near-by station where a harmonic analysis has already been carried out, 
and let (Sg)/, denote the unknown S^ at the place where only a few observations 

* Laplace: Mecanique celeste, Bk. 13, p. 171. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1897, p. 435 
(Manual, Pt. I). 

t Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. of London, Vol. 156 (1866), p. 641. 

t Ibid., Vol. 124 (1834), p. 35; Vol. 126 (1836), pp. 2, 3. 

§ Phil. Trans., 1837, pp. 227, 228; Report Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1897, p. 441 (Manual, Pt. I). 

II Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Tidal Observations in Arctic Seas (1860), p. 78; Smith- 
sonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 15, Physical Observations (1865), p. 159; Report Coast and 
Geodetic Survey, 1897, p. 453 (Manual, Pt. I). 



NONHARMONIC TIDAL, QUANTITIES AND CUBEENTS. 49 

are available. A similar distinction may be made for the mean ranges of tide (Mn),/ 
and (Mn),; also for other quantities. Then 

True (Mn).. = ^^^^^^"^ (Mn)..-2 fc y (S,).. ^^^^ 

where (S,),, = ^^' (S^),. (17) 



True HWI = observed HWI - -Q[\- (18) 



Here Ic denotes the average value of the coefficient, during the observation period, 
of S2 given in column 3, Table 24, page 254, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report 
for 1894 (Manual, Pt. Ill); j denotes the average value of the coefficient of Sj/Mj 
during the observation period given in column 2 of the same table. The symbols 
p and q are defined in connection with tables given on pages 375, 376, Coast and 
Geodetic Survey Report for 1897 (Manual, Pt. I), also in introduction to the annual 
Tide Tables. The results wiU indicate whether or not a second approximation is 
required. 

The results from either long or short series of observations have been corrected 
for the longitude of the moon's node by means of Tables 6 and 14, pages 209-213, 
247, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1894 (Manual, Pt. III). 

COLLECTION OF INTERVALS, RANGES, ETC. 

In preparing the accompanying table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc., 
the aim has been to bring together, chiefly from various published sources, such 
intervals and ranges as are available, and to deduce from them the mean ranges 
of the semidaily tide and the mean tidal hours. These are the quantities required 
in the construction of cotidal maps. The values from the Admiralty Tide Tables 
are, for convenience, given in a section of the table by themselves. 

Where the dates of the observations are known, the published ranges are given 
in the first line, and the ranges, corrected for the longitude of the moon's node, in 
the second line. This correction is small and is made by means of Table 14, page 
247, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1894 (Manual, Pt. III). Such corrected 
ranges are bracketed in this table, as are also the mean ranges of tide inferred from 
spring ranges and the mean lunitidal intervals inferred from the fuU-and -change 
intervals. Ranges not obtained from published results are supposed to have been 
properly corrected although accompanied by dates of observation. In short, the 
brackets in this table signify that the values inclosed have been derived from pub- 
lished quantities through inference or correction. 

Rules for inferring the mean lunitidal interval from the fuU-and-change inter- 
val are given on pages 46 and 47. Remarks pertaining to other nonliarmonic quan- 
tities and to the kinds of time used are given on pages 44 to 46. 

When a mean range has been inferred from a spring range, it has been done 
by means of the factor mean range -^spring range at a principal station not too 
remote and which factor has been computed or estimated from the harmonic constants. 

This table and the one next following it comprises the territory north of the 
sixtieth parallel. 

62730—11 i 



50 



AECTIC TIDES. 

Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. 



Longitude. 



Lunitidal interval. 



Mean Mean 
HWI. LWI. 



full and 
change. 



Range 
of phase 
fluctu- 
ation. 



Mean Spring Neap 
(Mn.). I (Sg.). (Np.) 



Jan Mayen . . 
Frederiksdal. 



Tasinsarsik kltdlek (a Angmagsa- 

lik). 
Isortup nua 



Put.ulik(aPlkiutdlek). 

Nuemiagartek 

Kiatak (a Umivik) 

Karra akungnak 

Inugsuit 

Kehertatsiak 

Nunatsuk 

Euraah (a Ipek) 

Cape Morris Jesup 

Cape Bryant 

Cape Sheridan 



Fort Conger 

Point Aldrich, Cape Columbi: 
Black Horn Cliffs 



Five miles southwest of Repulse 
I Harbor. 
Cape Sumner 



23 Cape Beechey. 



65 37 
65 05 
65 00 
64 49 
64 19 
61 48 
61 41 
60 10 
60 04 
59 55 
83 40 
82 21 
82 27 
82 27 



82 12 
82 03 
81 55 
81 52 



37 16 
cir. 40 00 2 40 



40 



Cir. 40 45 j 2 43 

cir. 41 00 I 2 44 

cir. 42 10 ' 2 49 

cir. 42 12 2 49 

cir. 43 04 ! 2 52 

cir. 43 05 I 2 52 

cir. 43 10 I 2 53 

33 35 2 14 

55 30 3 42 

61 21 4 05 

61 21 4 05 

64 45 4 19 

69 35 j 4 38 

57 30 J 3 50 

59 30 3 58 

60 45 4 03 
63 00 i 4 12 



h. m. 
11 21 



§4 06 
§3 55 
§4 18 
§3 50 
§3 56 
§4 06 
§4 34 
§4 21 
§442 
§4 50 

10 49 
03 

10 30 

10 31 

11 35 



12 06 j 6 10 
12 15 ; 5 42 



h. m. 
11 37 



Mn. 
78 



Ft. 



Ft. 



2.95 3.74 
[2.88] [3.67] 

[7.10] [9.53] 



7.10 



1.3 
[1.27] 



[2.63] 
3.4 



3.7 
[3.61] 



Ft. 

2.17 
[2.10] 

4.64 
[4.49] 



1. Die Internationale Polarforschung, 1882-1883. Die Osterreichische Polarstation Jan Mayen. Beobachtungs-Ergebnisse Vol. 
I, Vienna, 1886. Discussed by A. B6brik. 

2. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 156, 1 (1866). Observations by Missionary M. A. Asboe. 

3. From observations published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 156, 1 (1866). 

4-13. Danske Konebaads expedition til Gr0nlands 0stkyst, 1883-85. Observations met^orologiques et nautiques. Flux et 
reflux de la mer a. Nennortalik et k quelques points de la cote est du Gronland, p. 45. 

14-19. Observations taken by members of the Peary polar expeditions. 

20-23. International Polar Expedition. Report on United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grinnell Land, Vol. II, by 
A. W. Greely, Washington, 1888, pp. 695-698, 



NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 

Talile of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. 



51 



From From 
heights. 



Age. 



i Tidal 
1 hour 

I full and 
i rom change. 



Tidal 
hour 
mean. 



Station used for 
comparison. 



Date, length of series, etc. 



1 0, 308 
0.360 



11.53 

8.78 

8.91 

§6.44 

§6.45 



§6.21 
§6.78 
§7.23 
§7.07 
§7.41 
§7.55 
12.68 
3.75 
2.23 
2.24 
3.51 
12.35 



Fort Conger. 

.-..do 

...-do 



Apr. 27 to Aug. 



Aug. 22, 1863, to Aug. 21, 1864; only 

springs and neaps treated. 
Aug. 22, 1863, to Aug. 21, 1864; 279 highs 

and 279 lows. 
79 ohservations 



1 observation. 

2c 

5c 

I observation... 

II observations. 
3 observations.. 



i observations. 



May 13-22 1909; 19 highs and 18 lows. 

Jan. 16 to Feb. 13, 1909; 51 highs and 5 

lows. 
Nov. 4 to Dec. 2, 1905; 56 highs and 5 

lows. 
Nov. 13, 1908, to Jime 21, 1909; 426 highs 

426 lows. 
June 11-25, 1909; 28 highs and 28 lows... 

Nov. 16 to Dec. 14, 1908; 54 highs and 

54 lows. 
1883; 2 highs and 1 low 



1883; 5 highs and 4 lows. 



.=.a.(;). 



t== 



I practically equivalent ratio. 



-Np 
-Sg+Np' 

t The value 2h. SSJm., given on pp. 640, 641, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 156, 1 (1866), refers 
to half-tide level and not to high water. . • . applying to this±3h. 06m. or one-fourth of a tidal period, we obtain as intervals 6h. 00m. 
and 12h. 12m. The necessity for doing this was overlooked in the discussion of the Fort Conger tides referred to below. (Report on 
United States expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Vol. II, p. 698 and chart facing p. 700.) The same is doubtless true concerning the 
chart opposite p. 86 of Bessels's discussion: also concerning Berghaus's cotidal chart for the world. This wrong interpretation has 
accordingly introduced an error of 3 hours into these cotidal charts in the vicinity of Cape Farewell. 

§ There was doubtless some defect in the process whereby the lunitidal intervals were ob tained, as the results appear to be erroneous. 

Rough values of the establishments around southern Greenland are shown upon the chart accompanying Macdougall's trans- 
lation of the narrative of Gapt. W. A. Graah's expedition to the east coast of Greenland. 



52 



ARCTIC TIDES. 

Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



Distant Cape. 
Cape Baird . . . 
Cape Cracroft. 



North. 
81 42 

81 32 

81 22 



Between Carl Ritter Bay and 80 42 

Cape Lawrence. 
Eleven miles northeast of Cape 80 30 

Lawrence. • 

Seven mUes northeast of Cape 80 24 

Lawrence. 
One mUe west southwest of Cape : 80 18 

Lawrence. 
Two mUes south of Cape Norton ' 79 54 

Shaw. 
Cape John Barrow ! 79 48 

Three miles northeast of Cape i 79 42 

Louis Napoleon. 
Camp Clay, 4 miles northwest of ] 78 48 

Cape Sabine. 
Eskimo Point '■ 78 36 

Cape Sheridan , 82 27 

Polaris Bay j 81 36 

FortConger ...j 81 44 

BeUot Harbor ' 81 45 



Ananito Harbor, Cumberland 

Gulf. 
Van Rensselaer Harbor 



Longitude. 



37 



West. ^ 
64 00 

G4 30 : 4 

j 
04 30 ! 4 



4 44 

71 06 I 4 44 

71 36 i 4 46 

74 12 I 4 57 

75 00 j 5 00 
61 22 ; 4 05 
61 41 i 4 07 

64 44 4 19 

65 00 I 4 20 

66 56 4 28 
70 53 4 44 



Port Foulke j 78 18! 73 00 

Ooglet I 68 24 I 8136 

South end of Igloolik [ 69 20 | 8137 

Igloolik ' 69 21 j 8137 

Winter Island ! 66 11 83 10 



Lunitidal interval. 



11 33 
11 23 
11 27 
11 06 
11 00 
11 00 
11 12 
11 18 
11 54 
11 42 

10 54 

11 00 
[9 41]; 

12 14 
11 33 



[11 06]l 

5 18 I 11 34 



ofphls'e' Range of tide. 

flUCtU- i : 

ation. ! ,, 



11 43 1 17 

i ' 
11 14 17 

j 4 55 

[10 44]; 1115 



11 52 

I 
11 24 I 



[6 59]!. 



7 30 



6 57 44 ........ 

[1140]! 12 11 



4.3 
[4.19] 
3.8 
[3.71] 
4.8 
[4.68] 



[2.05] 
3.86 
[3.88] 



[4 
[4.80] 



112 i 14. 70 
[15.07] 
7. 

[8.03] 
7.7 
[7.78] 



4.64 
[12.1] 



2.6 
[2.65] 

5.40 
[5.42] 

6.01 
[5.93] 

6.2 



[21.20] 
10, 
[10.9] 
9.9 
[10.0] 



1 
[1.35] 

1.99 
[2: 01] 

2.37 
[2.29] 



7. 
[8.94] 

4.9 
[5.0] 

5.0 
[5.1] 



1-12. International Polar Expedition. Report on United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grinnell Land, Vol. II, by 
A. W. Greely, \n ashington, 1888, pp. 695-698. 

13. Transactions of the Roval Irish Academy Vol. XXX (1895). Observations made on board H. M. S. Alert. Also, from 
Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875-76 in H. M. S. Alert and Discovery, Capt. Sir G. S. Nares. 

14. Scientific Results of the United States Arctic E.xpedition, steamer Polaris, C. F. Hall commanding, Vol. I, Physical Observa- 
tions by E. Bessels, Washington, 1876. 

15. International Polar Expedition. Report on United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grinnell Land, Vol. II, by 
A. W. Greely; Washington, 1888. 

16. Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875-76 in H. M. S. Alert and Discovery, Capt. Sir G". S. Nares. 



NONHAEMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CUBKENTS. 

TaMe of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



53 



Age. 



From 
heights. 



1^ ' ^ 

From ^ ie,t --• 



Station used for 
comparison. 



Date, length of series, etc. 



!■ 0.491 
* 0.474 



0.458 
to. 461 
to. 434 



* 0.469 
♦0.471 

* 0.364 



to. 467 47.9 

to. 376 32.5 

tO.329 : 34.1 



40.9 

46.4 i 

3.51 
50.9 : 

44.3 \ 4.19 

i 
35.9 I 



Fort Conger . 
....do 



3.36 
3.26 



0.18 
12.15 



do 

Cape Sheridan 

Polaris Bay 



1883; 9 highs and 7 lows. 
1883; 5 highs and 4 lows. 
1883; 4 highs and 4 lows. 



883. GeneraUy only 1 or 2 tides ob- 
served. . Not simultaneous with Fort 
Conger observations. 



Fort Conger. 



Kingua Fiord 

PortFoulke 

....do -■.... 

Nottingham Island 



.do. 



1875, 1876, 41 days; only springs and 
neaps treated. 

Nov. 6, 1871, to June 6, 1872; nearly con- 
tinuous. 

Aug. 20, 1881, to July 1, 1883; 1,315 highs 
and 1,315 lows. 

1875-76; 6 months; only springs and 
neaps treated. 

Jan. 13 to Apr. 26, 1878; 88 highs and 94 
lows. 

1853-1855; 480 highs and 485 lows 



Nov. 17 to Dec. 23, 1860, and June 6 1 
July 12, 1861. 



Nov. 18, 1822, to Apr. 19, 1823; 
and 294 lows. 
Nottingham Island' 1822 



-KD- 



t=i! 



Sg-Np 
Sg+Np" 

17. Professional Paper No. XI, TJ. S. Signal Service. Meteorological and Physical Observations on the East Coast of British 
America. O. T. Sherman, Washington, 1883. 

18. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Phvsical Observations in the Arctic Seas. By E. K. Kane. Washington, 
1859-60. See also Ibid., Vol. XV, by I. I. Hayes, Washington, 1867. 

19. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. XV. Physical Observations in the Arctic Seas. By I. I. Haves. Wash- 
ington, 1867. 

20, 21, 23. Parry's Second Voyage. Journal , 1821-1823. From charts at back of volume, and p. 247. 

22. From observations published in Supplement to Appendix of Captain Parry's First Voyage. London, 18V4. 



54 



AKCTIC TIDES. 

Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



Winter Island 

Cape Welsford 

York Bay, Soutliampton Island. . 

Near head of Repulse Bay 

Douglas Harbor, Wagner Strait. . 

Port Bowen 

FuUerton Harbor 

Port Leopold 

Refuge Cove, WeUlngton Channel, 

....do 

Port Kennedy, Bellot Strait 

....do 

....do 

Assistance Harbor 

Table Island 

Penny Strait 

....do 

Byam Martin Island 



Cambridge Bay, Dease Strait, Vic- 
toria Land. 
Southeast coast of Melville Island. 

Winter Harbor, Melville Island... 



North. 
66 11 



66 31 
65 40 
73 14 
63 59 

73 50 
75 31 

75 31 
72 01 
72 01 
72 01 

74 37 
77 14 

76 52 
76 52 

75 10 
69 06 
74 58 
74 47 



Longitude. 



84 40 

85 16 

86 30 
89 10 

88 55 

89 06 

90 20 
92 10 
92 10 
94 12 
94 12 
94 12 

94 15 

95 08 
97 00 
97 00 

103 34 
105 25 
107 04 
110 48 



h.m. 
5 33 

5 39 

5 41 

5 46 

5 57 

S 56 

5 56 

6 01 



6 17 
6 17 



6 21 
6 28 



Lunitidal interval. 



k.m. 
12 02 

[11 44] 

[11 49] 

[10 44] 

[5 29] 

11 37 

[2 19] 

11 06 

11 58 

11 58 

[12 16] 

11 23 

12 10 



[11 29] 

[11 06] 

[122] 

1 06 



6 01 
6 00 



6 06 
6 19 



6 35 
6 24 



12 15 
12 20 
11 15 
6 00 



12 OOJ 
11 30 



Range 
of phase 
fluctu 



Mean 
(Mn.). 



[12.8] 
[13.8] 



14J 

[14.86] 
3.36 

[12.3] 

4.40 
[4.31] 
[4.5] 



[5.8] 
[3.15] 
3.58 
3.07 



[1.41] 



[1.8] 
[3.9] 



6.94 
[5.85] 



Neap 
(Np.) 



2. 

[2.82] 



1 From observations published in Supplement to Appendix of Captain Parry's Furst Voyage. London, 1874. 
2^. Parry's Second Voyage. Journal, 1821-1823, pp. 40, 42, and 54. , ^ ,., . . ,^ ,.,,1, ,-, ^ <,k^ 

5. Henry Ellis, Gent.: A Voyage to Hudson's Bay by the Dobbs Galleyjind Cahforma m the years mfr-47, p 253. 

6. From observations published in Journal of Captain Parry's Third Voyage for the Discovery of the North-Ue^t Passage, 

^^'^7^ Capt. J. E. Bernier: Report on Dominion Government Expedition to the Arctic Seas and Hudson Strait. ^ °7 ™?P- 

8. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 153 (1863). Observations on board H. M. S. f^,ff^il\' 

Sir J. C. Ross The interval 4h. 54m. given on p. 260 is 6 lunar hours In error. See also Philosophical Transactions, V^-'j"™ *-^»'"'-'' 

^' 9. 'philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 165 (1875). Observations on board H. M. g ^^^j-jj"''^' 

^^10. From observations published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 165 (iSycN 

11. Captain McClintock: Franklin and his discoveries. Map at the back of volume. •'■ , 

12. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 165 (1875). Observations on boarj yacht Fox Admira 
McClintock. ' 



NONHAEMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 

Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



55 



Age. 



From From 
times. heights. 



Tidal 

hour 

full and 

change. 



Tidal 
hour 
mean. 



Station used for 
comparison. 



Date, length of 5 



5.49 
5.60 
4.63 
11.74 



6.51 
6.14 



5.17 
4.99 
5.10 
4.13 
11.24 



Nottingham Island 

....do 

....do 



Oct. 11, 1821 to May 15, 1822; 411 highs 

and 410 lows. 
Aug. 16, 1821 , 



July, 1747. 



Apr. 17 to June 17, 1825; 119 highs and 
120 lows. 



Nottingham Island 

Port Leopold 

....do 



Oct. 25, 1848, to Aug. 6, 1849; only 

springs and ne; 
Sept. 17 to Oct. 11, 1853 



Bellot Strait. 
....do 



Sept. 17 to Oct. 11, 1853; 49 high 

48 lows. 
* About 1858 



Beechey Island . 
Port Leopold.... 



July 5-27, 1859 

July 5-27, 1859; 45 highs and 45 lows. 

Oct. 1, 1850, to Apr. 12, 1851; 360 higl 

and 361 lows. 
Aug. 28-31, 1852 



Nottingham Island 
Bellot Strait 



May 27 to July 7, 1853; springs and 

neaps only treated. 
May 27 to July 7, 1853; 81 highs and 81 

lows. 
Aug. 28, 1819 



May 4 to July ; 
lows. 



13. From observations published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Vol. 165 (1875). 

14. From observations published to Peter Sutherland's Journal of a Voyage in 'Baffins Bay and Barrow Straits, 1850-51. H. 
M. S. Lady Franklin and Sophia. 

15. Accounts and Papers. Arctic Expeditions, 1854-55, Vol. 35, pp. 118, 119. 

16. PhilosophicalTransactionsRoyalSocietyof London, Vol. 165(1875). Observations on board H. M. S. Assistance,Ca.pt. Sir E. 
Belcher. 

17. From observations published in Philosophical Transactions Royal Society, London, Vol. 165 (1875). 

18. Parry's First Voyage, pp. 62, 63. 

19. Capt. Richard Collinson: Journal of H. M. S. Enterprise, 1850-55, p. 291. 

20. Parry's First Voyage, p. 69. 

21. From observations pubUshed in Captain Parry's First Voyage for Discovery of the North-West Passage from 1819 to 1823. 

* Under date of August 21, 1858, it is remarked by McClintock (Franklin and his Discoveries) that the night tides in Bellot 
Strait are "much higher" than the day tides. This rule is true for the summer season, as the harmonic constants show. Cf. Coast 
and Geodetic Survey Reports, 1894, p. 177; 1897, p. 406 (Manual, Pts. Ill and I). 



56 



AKCTIC TIDES. 

Table of intervals , ranges, tidal Jiours, etc. — Continued. 



Longitude 



Arc. 



Lunitldal interval. I ^ 

Range 

„iof phase 

fluctu- 



Range of tide. 



Time. 



HWI. 



Mean 
LWI. 



! HW 1 ation. 
IfuUand! 



, lull OllU 

change. 



Mean 
(Mn.). 



Spring 
(Sg.). 



Neap 
(Np.). 



Prince ofWales Strait.. 

Bay of Mercy, Banks Land 

Flaxman Island 

Kayak Island, Controller Bay 

Wingham Island, Controller Bay. 

Kokinhenic Island 

Eyak River 

Camp Denson 

Port Etches 

Jacks Bay 

Snug Corner Cove 

Rocky Point 

Smith Island 

Harming Bay 

Drier Bay 

Bay of Isles, Harvester Island 

Boat Extreme 

Elson Bay 

Point Barrow 



North. 
72 50 
74 06 
70 11 

59 59 

60 05 



61 02 

60 44 



60 31 
59 57 



60 22 
71 03 
71 21 
71 24 



Northwest coast of Alaska 70 24 



Black Point 

Reindeer Cove... 
Chamisso Island. 



63 33 

64 32 



West. 
117 45 
117 54 
145 50 
144 20 

144 20 

145 03 

145 39 

146 24 
146 30 
146 35 
146 36 

146 42 

147 18 
147 38 
147 40 
147 42 
154 26 
156 16 
156 20 

160 44 

161 05 
161 22 
161 46 



h.m. 
7 51 
7 52 



9 49 
9 51 
9 51 
9 51 
10 18 
10 25 
10 25 
10 43 
10 44 
10 45 
10 47 



12 09 
12 19 
12 20 
20 
18 
12 24 
12 16 
12 10 
12 18 
12 19 



[0 38] 
[11 381 
[11 38] 
8 51 
10 01 
[4 31] 



Noon. 
12 00 



Ft. 
[2.3] 
[1-6] 
0.51 



[0.59] 
[0.9] 



*2.4 
*2.4 
[3.9?] 



1-2. Capt. R. MeClure: The Discovery of the North- West Passage, by H. M. S. Investigator. Edited by Commander Sherard 
Osborn, pp. 197, 241. 

3. Observations taken by Mikkelsen and Leffingwell expedition. 
4-16, 21, 22. Observations by Coast and Geodetic Survey. 



NONHAEMONIC TIDAI. QUANTITIES AND CUBRENTS. 

Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



57 



^-^0^^^^. 


Tidal 

hour 

fuU and 

change. 


Tidal 


Statinn imorl fnr 






From 
times. 


From From 
heights. ; times. 


From 
heights. 


^^l , comparison. 










h. 


h. 






1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

. 

13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 








50 














9.46 
9.52 
9.54 
9.99 
10.01 




Oct. 21 to Dec. 17, 1906; 112 highs and 

112 lows. 
Jime 1 to Sept. 24, 1909; 224 highs and 

224 lows. 
Aug. 13 to Sept. 10, 1903; 56 highs and 56 

lows. 
June 10 to .fuly 8, 1898; 56 highs and 56 

lows. 
Oct. 1-15, 1898; is highs and 28 lows.... 

July 23 to Oct. 2, 1900; 66 highs and 66 

lows. 
July 4 to Sept. 28, 1902; 167 highs and 

167 lows. 
May 16 to June 26, 1902; 80 highs and 

80 lows. 
June 1 to July 28, 1903; 112 highs and 

112 lows. 
June 21 to July 21, 1902; 58 highs and 

59 lows. 
June 15 to Aug. 3, 1905; 42 highs and 

41 lows. 
Aug. 23 to Oct. 9, 1905; 93 highs and 

92 lows. 
July 1 to Sept. 30, 1907; 57 highs and 

50 lows. 
Aug. 4 t» Sept. 17, 1908; 52 highs and 

72 lows. 




































Kodiak 












do 




















9.62 
9.50 
9.65 
























■ 














9.68 














Kodiak 












9.69 
9.70 
















Kodiak 
















».... 






• 
















11.03 
- 
9.66 

9.96 

7.28 

8.43 

a. 16 


Point Barrow 

.. .do 
























10.31 


.do 














July 16 to 23, 1900; 13 highs and 141ows.. 
Aug. 13 to 18, 1900; 10 highs and 10 lows. 






















3.4i 


Kodiak 



















17. Thomas Simpson: Narrative of the discoveries on the North coast of America, London, 1843, p. 167. 

18. Accounts and Papers, Navy, Vol. 42, 1854, p. 162. 

19. Simpson: 1. c, p. 161. 

20. 23. From British Admiralty Chart 593. 

* Approximate range for equatorial tides; tropic tides diurnal. 



58 



ABCTIC TIDES. 

Table of intervals , ranges, tidal Jiours, etc. — Continued. 



Longitude. 



Lunitidal interval. 



Range of tide. 



» 



Northwest coast of Alaska 

Topkok 

Kwiklok, Yukon River Delta. 

Avogon 

Kripniyuk 



Sledge Island 

Clarence Point 

Nunivak Island 

South coast of St. Lawrence Island 



Petropaulovsk 

Golchlkha, Yenisei River.. 
Port Dickson 

Cape Yam Sale near Kham. 



64 30 

64 29 

65 17 
60 04 



North. 
63 DO 



71 42 
73 32 
66 55 



SHETLAND ISLES. 



Sumburgh Head 

Scalloway Head 

Hlllswick Head 

Lerwick Bay of Heogan . 
Balta, Unst 



NORWAY. 



Rundo 

Valderhaug 

Lepso-rev 

Romsdals Islands. 



60 24 
62 25 
62 30 
62 35 
62 40 



163 05 

163 55 

164 51 

164 51 

165 19 

165 26 

166 12 

166 48 

167 15 
170 07 



A.m. 
10 52 
12 37 
10 59 

10 59 

11 01 
11 02 
11 05 
11 07 
11 09 
11 20 



ft.m. 
[7 17] 
7 57 



1 38 

2 37 
[6 01] 

[5 39] 

[3 14] 
[11 55] 
[130] 
[0 30] 

[10 41] 



[ 9 26] 
[9 11] 
[ 9 26] 
[10 46] 
[ 9 26] 



[10 06] 
[10 15] 
[ 9 55] 
[10 40] 
[10 25] 



3 30 
Ch-.OOO 



9 45 
11 05 
9 45 



10 25 
10 34 

10 15 

11 00 
10 45 



*1.0 
0.8 
[0.8] 
3.0 
[1.3] 

[5.15] 
[1.1] 
[1.2] 



[4.S] 
[5.0] 
[4.5] 
[5.0] 



[3.1] 
[4.3] 



2-7, 9. Observations made by Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

11. Capt. F. W. Beeohy, R. N.: Narrative of Voyage to the Pacific and Bering Strait, Pt. II, London, 



NONHAKMONIO TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 

Table of intervals , ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



59 



Age. 



From From , From 
heights. times. 



From 
heights. 



Tidal 

hour 

full and 

change. 



Station used for 
comparison. 



Date, length of series, etc. 



Point Barrow. 



0.61 
1.61 



Kodiak. 
Sitka... 
Kodiak. 



9.50 
9.26 
9.52 
10.80 
9.47 



10.21 
9.97 



4.55 
6.95 
8.07 
7.70 



9.19 
8.95 
9.21 
10.49 



9.41 
9.53 
9.16 



....do 

Teplitz Bay., 

do 

do 



B. A. Chart ; 



From equatorial tides. July 17 to 18, 

1900; 2 highs and 2 lows. 
Aug. 7 to Sept. 10, 1898; 60 highs and 

64 lows. 
July 14 to Aug. 12, 1899; 56 highs and 

56 lows. 
Aug. 29 to Sept. 7, 1898; 17 highs and 

17 lows. 
From equatorial tides. Aug. 12-26, 
■1900; 4highsand41ows. 
Aug. 9-22, 1900; 24 highs and 24 lows . . . 

B. A. Chart 593 



Aug. 27 to Sept. 12, 1902; 26 highs and 

20 lows. 
B. A. Chart 593 



B. A. Chart 1040 

B. A. Chart 2963 

Gen. Hyd. Bureau, St. Petersburg; 

obs. in 1894. 
Gen. Hyd. Bureau, St. Petersburg; 
obs. in 1896. 

From Admiralty Tide Tables for 1909; 

values corrected by means of tables 

for 1910. 
....do 



* Approximate range for 



tides; tropic tides diurnal. 



60 



ARCTIC TIDES. 

TaMe of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



NORWAY— continued. 
Christianasund 



Ramso Fiord 

Trondhjem Bay 

Villa, Svee Fiord 

Trsen Islands 

Vsero, Lofoten Islands. 

Kabelvaag 

Tromso , 



North. 
63 07 



Vardo. 
Vadso. 



F^ffilEOE ISLANDS. 



Fuglo Fiord 

Klaksvig 

Nolso Fiord 

Vestmanhavn . . . 
Myggenaes Fiord 
Eide Fiord 



Trangjisvaag f 

ICELAND. 

Vestniannaeyjar 



61 59 

62 09 
62 06 

62 18 
61 50 
61 33 

North. 

63 26 



Reykjavik 64 08 

Hvammsvig 64 20 

Grundar Fiord 64 56 

Stykkishohn 65 05 

PatrixFiord 65 35 

Sudereyre 65 37 

Bildal, Amar Fiord I 65 42 

Dyra Fiord I 65 54 

Flateyre, Onundar Fiord ! 66 03 

Skutils Fiord :\ 66 07 

Skagestrand j 65 51 

Akurejrre Eyla Fiord ' 65 40 

Thorshaven • 66 11 

Vapna Fiord ! 65 50 

Seidis Fiord, Aldan 65 20 

Eske Fiord j 65 05 

Diupavag Beru Fiord [ 64 40 

MyraBay : 64 03 

Home Fiord 64 13 



LAPLAND. 

Voriema River 

Pechenga Gulf, entrance. 



North. 
69 47 



Longitude. 



East. 
7 45 



10 22 


041 


10 32 


42 


12 02 


48 


12 40 


51 


14 30 


58 


18 58 


1 16 


16 18 


1 05 


23 41 


1 35 


31 06 


2 04 


29 45 


159 



7 30 
7 05 



West. 

20 15 

21 60 
21 40 
23 15 

23 25 

24 00 
23 48 



18 00 

15 18 
14 35 

13 40 

14 00 

14 13 

16 05 

15 18 



30 50 

31 24 



27 
27 



Lunitidal interval. 



[10 24] 



[10 38] 
[10 52] 
[11 00] 
[11 25] 
[12 36] 
[12 09] 
[ 53] 
[0 24]j 
[ 53]| 
[ 5 24]: 
[ 6 13]' 



[10 56] 
[8 49] 
[3 41] 
[6 50] 
[8 41] 
[10 41] 
[6 01] 
[5 43] 



[ i 26] 

[ 4 34]j. 
[5 16]|. 
[5 21]l. 
[ 5 12]]. 
[5 44]|. 

[ 5 59]j. 
[ 6 06]1. 
[ 6 21] . 
[ 6 40]. 
[ 8 18] . 
[ 9 19] . 
[10 09] . 
[11 29] . 
[ 06] . 
[ 58]|. 
[2 23]!. 
[4 13]. 
[5 10];. 



[6 13] 
[5 58] 



Range 
of phase 
fluctu- 
ation. 



10 58 

11 12 
11 20 
11 45 

31 

04 

1 14 

45 

1 10 

5 a 

6 30 



11 00 
6 02 



5 40 
5 45 

5 36 

6 08 
6 02 

6 30 

6 45 

7 04 

8 42 

9 43 

10 33 

11 53 
30 

2 47 

4 37 

5 34 



Mean 
(Mn.). 



Ft. 
[5.4] 



[5.0] 
[6.6] 
[6.2] 
[5.4] 
[7.4] 
[5.4] 
[6.2] 
[6.5] 
[7.3] 
[5.2] 
[5.6] 



[5.0] 
[3.5] 
[5.0] 
[5.0] 
[7.4] 
[7.4] 
[5.6] 
[3.3] 



[8.4] 

[10.6] 
[11.0] 
[9.9] 
[9.1] 
[7.6] 
[7.6] 
[7.6] 
[ 8.41 
[8.4] 
[6.81 
[3.4] 
[4.2] 
[3.6] 
[3.8] 
[ 4.0] 
[ 6.8]j 
[5.7]! 



[3.1 



[8.1] 
[4.8] 



NONHARMONIO TIDAIj QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 

Table of intervals , ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



61 



. solar tide. 
^**i° lunar tide. 



From From 
times. heights. 



Age. 



From 
heights. 



Tidal 

hour 

full and 

change. 



10.08 
10.14 
10.25 
10.55 
11.65 
11.10 
11.92 
11.64 
11.55 
3.42 



11.29 
9.26 



11.10 

6.57 
6.28 



9.75 
9.82 
9.93? 
10.23 

10.77 
11.58 
11.30 
11.27 
3.15 



10.79 
5.97 



5.86 
6.54 
6.73 
6.59 
7.14 
7.03 
7.35 
7.46 
7.70 
7.97 



12. 06 
1.01 
1.87 
3.25 
5.14 
6.01 



Station used for 
comparison. 



Kabelvaag- 
....do 



Vardo. 
do. 



Jan Mayen & Nen- 
nortalik. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 



Vardo., 
....do. 



Date, length of series, etc. 



From Admiralty Tide Tables for : 
values corrected by means of tt 
for 1910. 



62 



AKCTIC TIDES. 

Table of intervals, ranges, tidal liours, etc. — Continued. 



LAPLAND — continued 
VaidaBay 

Tzuip Navolok Bay 

Ozerko Bay (N. Zemli) . . 

Port Ekaterininskoi 

Roslyako va B ay 

Kola road 

Kaldin Strait , 

Teriberskaya Bay , 

Gavrilova 

Oleni Russki road 

Sem (Seven) River , 

Vostochnl Bay 

Svyatoi Nos 

WHITE SEA. 

Tuma Bay 

Trek Island 

Sosnovetz , 

Tetrina , 

Kuzomen 

Sosnovaya , 

Kandalaksha 

Kovda Bay 

Keret River, Gulf of 

Kalgalaksha 

Kem River 

Suma 

Onega River, entrance 

Cape Orlov Lyetni, Gulf of Onega 

Solovetz road 

Zhlzhglnsk Island 

Gribanikha Point 

Nikolskoi Channel 

Arkhangel 

D vina bar 

Moudjoigski Island 

Nikolskaya Spit 

Keretz Point, Gulf of Arkhangel. 

Intzi Point 

Cape Voronov 

Morzhovetz Island 

Kuloi River 

Mezen town 

Cape Konushin 

Liitke ledge 

Cape Kanin 

Kolquev-I-Vaskina 

Indigskaya Bay , 



North. 
69 57 



67 48 
67 06 



66 17 
65 45 I 
64 56 

64 23 

63 56 I 

67 12 ' 

65 01 
65 12 

64 48 
64 35 
64 32 
64 54 

64 55 

65 02 
65 20 

65 58 

66 31 



65 52 
67 10 



Longitude. 



East. 
31 55 



33 10 

32 07 

33 28 
33 12 



35 08 

35 44 

36 24 

37 21 

38 31 

39 48 



34 39 

35 27 
38 00 

41 22 

35 42 

36 51 

38 29 

39 47 

40 33 
40 13 
40 17 
40 07 

39 45 

40 43 

42 21 

42 30 

43 47 

44 17 
43 48 

42 52 

43 30 



Time. 



Lunitidal interval. 



h.m. h.m. ft. 
[ 5 33] . 



13 



2 12 
2 17 
2 21 



2 43 
2 46 
2 43 
2 33 



13] 
59] 
56] 
43] 
57] 
53] 
03] 
08] 
13] 
03] 
05] 
13] 

37] 
31] 
27] 
00] 
13] 
23] 
51] 
08] 
51] 
33] 
06] 
13] 
55] 
01] 
38] 
58] 
33] 
08] 
11] 
33] 
33] 
43] 
13] 
38] 
03] 
03] 
58] 
51] 
37] 
28] 
16] 
57] 
38] 






....... 



HW 

full and 
change. 



9 54 

10 48 

11 44 
3 17 



6 30 
9 12 
5 18 
5 55 
5 15 

4 50 

5 25 

5 50 

5 50 

6 00 
4 30 

11 55 
n 20 
11 20 

1 15 

2 08 
11 54 
11 45 
10 33 

2 14 
4 55 



Range 
of phas( 
fluctu- 
ation. 



Range of f 



Mean 
(Mn.). 



(Sg.). 
Ft. 



[7.3] 



[8.9] 
[8.1] 
[8.9] 
[7.3] 
[6.1] 
[8.9] 
[10.5]; 
[9.7], 
[9.7]! 
[9.7]! 
[9.7]i 
[11.3]j 

i 
[12.1]1 
[16.1]j 
[14.5]| 
[ 5. 6]| 
[4.8] 
[4.8] 
[5.0] 
[4.8] 
[ 4.8] 
[5.6] 
[3.2] 
[4.4] 
[7.7] 
[3.2] 
[3.2?]! 
[3.2] 
[2.4], 
[2.4]| 
[ 2.0]! 
[2.8]: 
[2.8] 
[ 1-6]1 
[4.4] 
[12.9] 
[13.7] 
[13.7] 
[16.1] 
[14.5]! 
[12.1]| 
[12.1]l 
[5.6]! 
[7.3]! 
[ 5.2]! 



NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 

Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



63 



Age. 



From From 
times. heights. 



Tidal 

hour 

full and 

change. 



Ij^f Station used for 
_ „_ comparison. 



Date, length of series, etc. 



6.85 
7.67 



1.10 
0.79 



2.37 
3.33 

2.62 
2.10 
2.58 I 
4.51 I 
2.95 
2.95 
3.13 
1.70 
8.80 
8.12 
8.13 I 
10.29 i 
11.11 



.58 



7.29 , 
10.92 



4.47 
4.27 
4.52 
4.37 
4.46 
4.51 
4.54 



6.57 
7.39 
8.35 



11.90 
0.59 



0.52 
4.01 
2.61 
3.64 



2.31 
4.24 



1.42 
8.52 
7.86 
7.84 
10. 02 
10.84 



From Admiralty Tide Tables for 1909; 

values corrected by means of tables 

for 1910. 

do 

do 

do 











do 




do . . . . 




do 




do 




do 




do 








do 




do 




do 




do 




do 




do 




do 




do 
























do 




do 




do 




do 




do 




do 




do 




do 




do 




do 




do 




.do 




























do 









do. 



64 



ARCTIC TIDES. 

Table of intervals, ranges, tidal liours, etc. — Continued. 



■WHITE SEA— continued. 
Bolvanskaya Bay 



Varandei Island 

Golchika, Yenisei River . 



NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 



North. 
68 20 



Longitude. 



Novaya Zemlya, W. C. 

Mali Karmakul 

Menshikova Cape 

Matochkin Shar 



72 23 
70 43 

73 18 



SPITZBERGEN, ETC. 



Bell Sound, Recherche Bay ; 77 38 

Advent anchorage 78 16 

Danes Island , South Gat 79 42 

HUDSON STEAIT. North. 

Port Burwell 60 22 

Koksoak River entrance, XJngava 



Bay 

Aske Inlet 

Nottingham Island, Port de Bou- 

cherville. 
Digges Island 



HXJDSON BAY. 

Marble Island 

Fury and Hecla Strait, 



DAVIS STRAIT. 



61 35 

62 30 

63 12 

62 37 
North. 
62 42 
69 21 



Frobisher Bay, northwest ami 63 45 

Kingua Fiord, Cumberland Sound, i 66 36 

ARCTIC REGIONS, GREENLAND, 
WEST COAST. 

Nennortalik 

Julianshaab 60 43 

Arsuk 61 10 

Frederiokshaab 

Godthaab 64 10 

Holsteinborg 66 56 

Whalefish Island 

Godthavn '. 

Upernivik 72 ■ 

North Star Bay 76 : 

Wolstenholm Sound 



67 16 
83 45 



52 43 
57 43 

53 57 



14 58 

15 45 
11 05 

West. 
64 46 



78 10 
■Weit. 
91.10 



49 



68 40 
67 19 I 



49 43 
51 35 
53 42 
53 10 
53 20 
56 03 
68 50 



Lunitidal interval. 



HWI. LWI. 



h.m. 
[ 6 40] . 



[ 4 28] 
[ 5 43] 



[4 03] 
[9 05] 



[0 59] 
[0 38] 
[0 17] 



[8 54] 
[8 21] 



[7 40] 
[8 01] 



[8 22] 



[3 39] 
[6 29] 



[5 34] 
[4 40] 
[5 59] 
[5 56] 
[6 42] 
[6 12] 
[7 57] 
[8 42] 
[10 42] 
[10 42] 
[10 42] 



HW 

full and 
change. 



4 28 
9 30? 



9 25 
8 52 



4 10 
7 00 



6 00 

5 06 

6 25 



Range 
of phase 
fluctu- 



Mean Spring Neap 
(Mn.). (Sg.). rise. 



[2.4] 



[3.2] 
[1.2] 



[2.3?] 3? 

■[2.3] 3 

[1-7] 2-i 

[2.7] 3i 



[5.9] 7 
[5. 0] 6 
[4.6] 5§ 



[14.6] 19 

[29.6] 38 J 

[18.5] 24 

[23.1] 30 

[10. 0] 13 



[7.7] 
[5.8] 
[5.8] 
[6.2] 
[5.6] 
[5.6] 



[9.2] 
[6.2] 



[34. 6?] 45? 
. [15. 4] 20 



[6.2] 81 
[5.2] 7 
[9. 0] 12 



NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CUBKENTS. 

Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continuec 



65 



^ . solar tide. , 


Tidal 

hour 

full and 

change. 


Tidal 
hour 
mean. 


Station used for 
comparison. 


Date, length of series, etc. 


No. 


From ' From 
times. heights. 


From 
times. 


From 
heights. 






h. 


h. 


3.05 

0.77 
0.21 


2.77 

0.50 
11.94 




From Admiralty Tide Tables for 1909; 
values corrected by means of tables 
for 1910. 


3 

4 
5 
6 

7 

8 
9 
10 

11 
12 

13 
14 
15 

16 

17 
18 

19 
20 

21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 

29 
30 
31 




















. do 


. do 












do 


























0.47 
5.58 

0.06 
11.68 
11.65 

1.42 
1.10 

0.C7 
0.94 
2.35 

10. U 
12,21 


0.06 
5.18 

11.95 
11.56 
11.54 

0.92 
0.60 

0.17 
0.44 
1.85 

1.30 

9.61 
11.71 


do 


do 

do. 


















Port Virgo 

do 

do 

Nottingham Island 


do 




















do 






























do 

do 


.....do 

' do 


















do 


do 










do 

do 

do 


do 








































10.28 

8.81 
8.00 
9.43 
9.47 
10.21 

11.52 
12.24 
2.36 
3.34 
3 36 


9.93 

8.40 

9.01 
9.05 
9.92 
9.57 
11.23 

2.07 
2.92 
2.94 














Nennortalik 

do 


do 










do 










do 


do 










do 


do 































do 








. ...do... 










-do 










Port Foulke 

do 










do 












66 



AECTIO TIDES. 

Talle of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 



Longitude. 



Lunitidal intervals. 



Mean 
(Mn.). 



Neap 



SMITH SOUND AND NORTHWARD. 

Port Foulke 

Rensselaer Harbor 

Thank God Harbor 

Discovery Harbor 

Cape Sheridan 

BARROAV STRAIT. 

Port Leopold 

Beechey Island 

Griffiths Island 

MELVILLE ISLAND. 

Dealy Island, Bridport Inlet 

Winter Harbor 

BANKS ISLAND. 

11 Bay of Mercy 

12 Prince of Wales Strait 

BERING SEA AND STRAIT. 

St. Paul Island, Pribiloff Islands. . 
St. Matthew Island 

Nikolski, Bering Island 

Anadyr Bay 

St. Lawrence.. 

Good-news Bay 

St. Michael Bay 

Golovnin Bay 

Port Clarence 

ARCTIC SEA. 

Chamisso Island 

23 Point Barrow 

24 Herschel Island 



North. 
78 18 



74 56 
74 47 



74 07 
73 00 



60 20 
North. 
55 12 

64 43 
North. 

65 38 
59 02 
63 29 



66 15 
71 18 
69 35 



West. 
72 40 



78 38 


70 40 


81 37 


61 40 


81 45 


64 45 


82 25 


61 30 


73 48 


90 20 


74 43 


91 34 


74 30 


95 30 



118 15 
116 00 



170 18 
172 25 

East. 
165 59 
178 20 

West. 

171 00 
. 161 45 



163 00 
166 24 



161 45 
156 40 
139 00 



4 43 
4 07 
4 19 



11 04 
11 53 



11 20 
10 47 
10 48 

10 52 

11 06 



10 47 
10 27 
9 16 



ft. m. 
[10 48] 



[11 26] 
[12 10] 
[11 07] 
[10 07] 



[12 12] 
[0 07] 
[12 17] 



[125] 
[107] 



[0 26] 



[4 01] 
[4 18] 



[3 49] 
[3 44] 



[7 59] 
[5 59] 
[7 39] 
[10 55] 
[6 00] 



[4 31] 
[11 16] 
[5 32] 



11 35 
10 37 



10 
30 
15 



6 15 

7 55 
11 11 



4 47 
11 38 
6 03 



Ft. 
[7.4] 



[2.5] 
[7.0?] 



[2.7] 
[10.5] 
[1.2] 
[2.1] 
[1.6] 



[3.9] 
[0.4] 
[1.7] 



Ft. 



NONHARMONIO TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 

TaMe of intervals, ranges, tidalliours, etc. — Continued. 



67 



s olar ti de. 
' iunai tide. 



From From 
times, heights. 



Age. 



full and 
change. 



4.56 
6.19 
9.41 



3.15 
9.34 
2.61 



Station used for 
comparison. 



....do 

Fort Conger. 



Port Leopold... 
Beechey Island, 
.-.-do 



do 

Point Barrow. 
Flaxman Islan 



Date, length of series, etc. 



From Admiralty Tide Tables for 1909; 
values corrected by means of table."; 
for 1910. 



ARCTIC TIDES. 

Sliort series of tide observations, and results."^ 



Latitude 

and 
longitude. 



Moon's 
transits 
Greenwieli 
meridian 
Gr. civil 
time. 



Capp Philip Broke. 



Pendulum Island. 



Jackson Island . 



Cape Broer Ruys. 



Reykjavik, Iceland. 



9 1 About 25 miles off coast. 

10 I Near Scott Inlet 

11 ! River Clyde 



74 56 N. 
17 39 W. 



July 24,1870 



73 54 
20 00 



73 27 
25 03 



N. Aug. 1,1870 

W. i 

Aug. 2,1870 

N. Aug. 3,1870 
W. I Aug. 4,1870 
N. ! Aug. 13,1870 



64 12 
21 50 



cir.6240 N 
oir.4142W. 

71 18 N. 

70 55 W. 

70 22 N. 

68 26 W. 



Apr. 12,1870 
July 13,1836 
July 21,1836 



h. m. 

8 39 

(21 04) 



(22 48) [ 
75 26 N. I July 27, 1870 ! 11 15 j 

17 59 W. i do j (23 42) ' 

July 28, 1870 j 12 10 

July 29,1870 i (0 37) 



(15 52) 
74 37 N. , Aug. 28, 1869 ; 4 13 

18 29 W. ' do j (16 36) 

Aug. 29,1869 



(3 14) 

15 39 
(4 04) 

16 29 

17 20 
(5 46) 

20 33 
(9 00) 

(23 24) 
11 50 



17 11 
(5 34) 
17 57 



Apr. 12,1870 9 00 
Sept. 3,1820 i 9 01 
Sept. 7,1820 I 



11 16 : 

23 26 I 



2 38 . 8 46 
14 56 ^ 20 58 

3 05 



4 55 


10 30 


10 25 


4 40 
16 00 









o '^'r,,? ''^'^ ^'""^ published by E. Bessels in United States Arctic Expedition Steamer Polaris, Vol. I, Physical Observations' 
p. 80. 1 hese were made dunn-; the second German expedition under Captain Koldewey 
8. Paul Gaimard: Voyage en Islande et au Greenland, 1835 et 1836, La Recherche. Ph 

'9. Koldewey: The Germ.m Arctic Expedition 011809-70, p. 143. Observations made by . 
10, 11. Parry's First Voyage, pp. 274, 2!s8. 



; Recherche. Physique, by Victor Lottin, 2c Partie, 



NONPIARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 



69 



Short series of tide observations, and results. 



12 34 

12 10 



12 11 
12 48 
12 50 



10 46 
10 43 
10 29 



10 39.3 
10 17 



5 31 
5 00 



5 07.3 
7 00 



4 33 
4 22 



11 29 
10 26 



Intervals 
corrected j 
for transits, 

kind of 
time used 
and time 
of month. 



11 25 
5 14 



12 06 

5 54 



11 31 
5 19 



11 01 
4 46 



10 46 
4 41 



5 14 
11 07 



6 25 
34 



Range. 



2.06 
2.54 



2.85 
2.49 



15.7 
17.3 



Ranges 

corrected 

for phase, 

time of 

month, 

time of 

j'ear, and 

longitude 

of moon's 

node. 



3. 94 12. 



Local i Jan Maye 



11.77 
1 11.05 : do. 



t4.93 
5.12 



Jan Mayen and God- 
thaab. 



Godthaab 10 

do I 11 



* Short series of tide observations are given and reduced, in this table. The leading object of the table is the same as that of the 
preceding, viz. , the determination of the mean ranges of the tide and the mean tidal hours, quantities required in the construction 
of cotidal maps. Means of correcting for transits and kind of time used are given on page 44, while the corrections for time of 
month on the interval and range are explained on pages 48, 49. Local mean time was commonly used prior to about 1885. 

t Tidal hour inferred from LWI. 



70 



ARCTIC TIDES. 

Short series of tide ohservations, and results — Continued. 



Fury and Hecla Strait, Cape North-: 



Fox Channel, west side. 



Yorli Bay, west side. 



Repulse Bay, near head of. 
Liddon Island, east end of. . 



Montreal Island 

Southeast of Byam Martin Island. 
Southeast coast of Melville Island. 
Table Island 



10 Dealy Island. 



East of Dease Strait.. . 
Mouth of Elliee River. 
Cape Alexander, east e: 



. of Dease Strait. 



Latitude 

and 
longitude. 



43 N. 
40 W. 



67 12 N. 
81 25 W. 

65 28 N. 

85 16 W. 

66 31 N. 

86 SOW. 
69 46 N. 
S3 03 W. 

67 50 N. 
96 15 W. 
75 10 N. 

103 34 W. 

74 58 N. 
107 04 W. 

77 14 N. 

95 08W. 



74 57 N. 
109 00 W. 



• 68 07 N.- 

103 37 W. 
68 02 N. 

104 15 W. 
68 53 N. 

106 24 W. 



Aug. 31,1822 



Sept. 1,1822 
Sept. 2,1822 
Sept. 3,1822 



July 10,1822 
July 11,1822 



Aug. 22,1821 
Sept. 3,1822 



Aug. 2, 1833 
Aug. 28,1819 



Sept. 2,1819 
Aug. 28,1852 



Aug. 29,1852 
Aug. 30,1852 



June 21,1853 
July 6, 1853 
July 20,1853 



Aug. 1-5,1 
July 31,1 
July 26,1 



transits 
Greenwich 
meridian 

Gr. civil 
time. 



(11 10) 
23 33 



19 
(12 42) 



4 20 
(16 43) 



(17 30) 
2 53 



(5 20) 
17 47 
(10 26) 



(12 01) 

24 

(12 46) 



(12 17) 
(12 08) 
(12 04) 



6 20 
IS 15 



19 30 
8 00 



cir. 7 10 

19 00 



13 48 
13 59 
13 38 



1-5. Parry's Secon :i Voyage. 

6. A selection of Psoars on Arctic Geography and Ethnology (f/ondon, 187.5), p. 149. Back's Second Voyage. 

7-8. Parry's First '.''oyage. 



12 40 

12 50 

13 30 



23 30 
8 43 



17 15 
6 I 



NONHAEMONIO TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CUERENTS. 



71 



Short series of tide ohservations, and results — Continued. 



7 05 
7 07 



6 48 
6 54 



7 06 
11 40 



12 07 
5 30 

10 34 
12 10 ' 



1 31 
1 51 
1 34 



corrected 
for transits, 

kind of 
time used 
and time 
of month. 



12 10 
6 00 



11 55 
5 20 

10 24 
05 
7 45 



- 58 
49 



Height of- 



Uto2 



2i(?) 
Risecir. 2 ... 



corrected 
for phase, 
time of 
month, 
tin\e of 
year, and 
longitude 
of moon's 
node. 



Station used for com- 
parison. 



Local Port Leopold . 



-do I do. 



.do Beechey Island. 

.do do 



Maxman Island . 



Winter Harbor . 



9. Accounts and papers, Arctic E.xpeditions, 1854-55, Vol. 35, pp. 118-120. 

10. Geo. F. McDougall: Tha Eventful Voyage of H M. DLsooyery Ship Res ylute to tha Arctic Regions, etc., p. 496 (London, 1S57) 
11-13. Simpson: Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America. 

* Tidal hour from LWI. 



72 



AECTIC TIDES. 

Short series of tide observations, and results — Continued. 



Latitude 

anrl 
longitude. 



1 Dease Strait.. 

2 East of Demarcation Point. 



Moon's I 

transits 

Greenwich 

meridian 



, j 68 56 N. Aug. 23, 

106 40 W 

69 35 N. I Aug. 11, 1837 

141 00 W. j 

! Aug. 12,1837 

lit (irillin 00 .">7'.'N. July 10,1837 

142 :i(lW. 

iden Bay 70 05N. 'July 17,1837 

145 30 W. ! July IS, 1837 



5 CapcHalkett ! 70 48N. July 

I 151 56 W. 

6 Cape George Simpson j 70 59N. July 

' 154 21 W. 



7 j Seven miles from Cape Erusensten | 68 32 N. Aug. 

! 113 53 W. 

8 Chantry Island ' 68 45 N. j Aug. 

114 23 W. 



Between Cape Hope and Cape Bexley. 



68 57 N. : Aug. 

115 48 W. 

10 Stapylton Bay - 68 52 N. ' Aug. 

110 03 W. 

11 Point AVise , 69 03 N. ■ Aug. 

119 00 W. 



12 3 miles from Bucha 

13 Cape Lyon 



69 24 N. I July 
120 03 W. 

69 46 N. July 
122 51 W. 



6, 1826 
5,1826 

3,1826 

30, 1826 
27, 1826 
20, 1826 



14 West of Horton River 69 50 N. i July 

125 55 W. 

July 21,1826 



(7 14) , 16 00 
19 43 

(8 14) ' 4 00 

(10 .34) 12 00 

(11 40) '[ 13 00 

13 

(12 45) 13 

1 17 
(13 46) 14 



(18 43) 
7 07 



14 08 
13 18 
12 29 
11 39 
9 58 



(13 00) 
1 25 



21 GO 

20 30 

21 00 

17 30 



16 15 
5 00 



15 Point Fitton. 



16 Near Cape Bathurst. 



70 11 N. July 20, 1820 34 4 00 j 

126 14 W. ' 

23 40 i 

70 33 N. j July 19,1826 (12 07) 1 30 

127 21 W. j - I 

22 42 



1-6. Simpson: Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of Amerioa. 
7-JO. Franklin's Second E.xpedition to the Polar Sea, London, 1828. 



NOISrHAEMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CUKRENTS. 

SJiort series of tide observations, and results — C/Oiitinued. 



73 



Intervals 
1 corrected 
' for transits, 

kind of 
; time used 
I and time 

of montli. 



)f_ Ranges 

('orrerte<l 

for pliase, 

I ime of 

month, Tidal 

time of hour, 
lyow year, and 

water. longitude 
of moon's 
tiode. 



Station used for c 
parison. 



45 

-0 17 

14 



-0 04 



Range 
3 



Rise 0. 92 
Rise 0. 88 



Flaxanan Island. 



7 12 



11 25 

12 18 



9.20 
10.17 
2.36 
2.48 



8 31 
8 51 



3 15 
3 35 



11.45 
11.32 



74 



AECTIO TIDES. 

Short series of tide observations, and results — Contimied. 



Latitude 

and 
longitude. 



Greenwich 

meridian 

Gr. civil 

time. 



Point Sir P. Maitland. 



Browell Cove 

Atkinson Island. 



Bay between Points Toller and Warren . 

Point Toker 

Garry Island 

Point Sabine 

West of Flaxman Island 



Backs Inlet... 
Point Pearce. 



Cape Maitland. 



Point Atkinson 

West of Point Atkinson 

Near Cape Dalhousie 

Western horn of M'KJnley ! 



Hoopers Island. 



70 OS N. 
127 45 W. 

70 00 N. 
130 20 W. 

69 55 N. 
130 43 W. 

69 43 N. 



135 41 W. 
.69 05 N. 
137 25 W. 
70 16 N. 
147 38 W. 



67 55 N. 
115 50 W. 

69 40 N. 
122 30?W. 

70 08 N. 
127 45? W. 

69 55 N. 
130 437 W. 

69 55 N. 
130 43? W. 

70 15 N. 

129 10 W. 
69 57 N. 

130 40 W. 



69 42 N. 
134 50 W. 



July 14,1826 
July 13,1826 

July 10,1826 
July 12,1826 
July 9,1826 

Aug. 16,1825 

July 12,1826 

Aug. 7,1826 
Aug. 8,1826 

Aug. 9,1826 



July 19,1849 
Aug. 16,1848 

Aug. 10,1848 

Aug. 6,1848 

Aug. 5,1848 

Aug. 4,1850 
Aug. 5,1850 
July 30,1850 
July 31,1850 



(11 11) 



(7 14) 
19 43 



16 11 

17 52 



(1 26) 
13 52 



14 58 
(3 24) 

15 49 
(4 16) 

16 42 



19 00 
19 00 

17 00 

18 48 
16 25 



11 40 clr. 12 60 



1 01 


8 00 


19 52 




(8 17) 


100 


(5 12) 


cir. 6 45 


(4 28) 

(21 06) 
9 37 






00 



5 08 
(17 32) 



1 45 
17 00 



11 30 

17 45 



11 30 



1-8. Franklin's second expedition to the Polar Sea, London, 1828. 

9-13. Sir John Richardson: Arctic searching expedition, New York, 1852, pp. 312, 169, 159, 154; or London, 1851, pp. 279, 264, 
1,253. 
14-16. Reports on the Arctic Expeditions, 1852; Commander PuUen to the Secretary of the Admiralty, pp. 40 38, and 51. 



NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURKENTS. 

Short series of tide ohservations, and results — Continued. 



75 



Height of- 



High I Low 
water. water. 



Intervals 
corrected 

for transits, 

kind of 
time used 
and time 
of month. 



Ranges 
corrected 
for phase, 
time of 
month, 
time of 
year, and 
longitude 
of moon's 
node. 



Station used for com- 



n 40 
14 



10 59 

11 16 



2 54 

t8 59 
11 

038 



1 25 
11 25 
9 10 



11 40 
6 56 



27 

1 
6 40 



2 19 
7 45 



f 144 

1 7 59 I Rise O.g 



10 I Fan 1. 

7 01 Rise 0.75 



Local : Flaxman Island 



.do. 



10.25 
10.19 



8.15 
2.61 

12.30 

10.95 
*10.21 



1.11 : 10.: 



.3 19.48 
9.72 



.do 

-do do. 

I 
-do i do. 

1 

-do • do. 

I 
.do do. 

-do : do. 



* Tidal hour inferred from LWI. 
fThis interval rejected. 
t From LWI. 



76 



AECTIC TIDES. 

Short series of tide observations, and results — Continued. 













Time of— 


No. 


' Station. 


Latitude 
and 


Date. 


Moon's 
transits 
Greenwich 
meridian 
Gr. civil 












longitude. 




High 


Low 










time. 


water. 


water. 










h. m. 


ft. m. 


ft. TO. 


1 


Whale Island, eastern end of 


69 09N. 


July 15,1789 


5 31 


cir. 6 00 








134 30 W. 










2 


Herschel Island 


69 34 N. 


Sept. 14,1908 


3 07 


15 20 


9 00 






138 SO W. 




(15 32) 




19 00 








Sept. 15,1908 


3 58 
(16 23) 


15 00 


8 00 
19 00 








Sept. 16,1908 


4 49 
(17 15) 


17 00 


10 00 








Sept. 17,1908 


5 40 


19 00 


11 30 








Sept. 19,1908 


(19 48) 












Sept. 20,1908 


8 12 
(20 37) 


10 00 










Sept. 21,1908 


9 00 
(21 23) 


11 20 










Sept. 22,1908 


9 46 

(22 08) 


12 00 


19 00 








Sept. 23,1908 


10 30 
(22 52) 


12 00 


8 00 
19 00 








Sept. 24,1908 


11 13 


13 00 


8 00 
19 00 


3 


Aichilei River, Beaufort Bay, near Turner River 


69 54 N. 


Nov. 7,1906 


4 20 




11 nn 






142 00 W. 


(16 44) 


. 16 00 21 00 








Nov. 8,1906 


5 08 


! 1130 


4 


Sha^iovei River, west from Flaxman Island 


70 10 N. 


Dee. 11,1906 


7 52 








147 00 W. 




(20 17) 


21 30 1 








Dec. 12,1906 


8 43 
(21 10) 


8 50 
21 30 


3 26 
14 55 








Dec. 13,1906 


9 38 
(22 06) 


10 05 
23 15 


4 30 
15 00 








Dec. 14,1906 


10 36 
(23 06) 


10 15 


4 43 
16 05 








Dec 15,1906 


1138 


00 
11 40 


6 05 
17 15 








Dec. 16,1906 


09 


20 


7 00 



1. Mackenzie: Voyage to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans. 

2. Letter from S/Sergt. F. .T. Fitzgerald, R. N. W. Police, to Superintendent U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The given 
low water readings seem to indicate that the exact low water height was not recorded when it fell below zero of the staff. 

3. Observations made bv Leffingwell and Storkersen. 

4. Doctor Howe and Christopher Thuesen of the Mikkelsen-LeHingwell expedition. 



NONHABMONIC TIDAI_i QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 

Short series of tide ohservations, and results — Continued. 



77 



Uncorrected liini- 
tidal interval. 


Intervals 
corrected 
for transits, 

kind of 
time used 
and time 
of month. 


Height of- 


Ranges 
corrected 
for phase. 






Station userl for fom- 
pnrisoii. 


No. 


HUh 
water. 


Low 
water. 


High 
water. 


Low 

water. 


tii^e of 

month, ; Tidal Ohservalion 

year, and 
longitude 
of moon's 
node. 1 1 


29 
12 13 




1 00 








9.93 


Local 

do.* 


Flaxman Island 

do 


2 


5 53 
3 28 


0.4 


0.0 
0.0 








n 02 


4 02 




0.3 












12 11 


5 11 




0.8 


0.3 










13 20 


5 50 




1.2 


0.7 










14 12 






1.0 












14 43 






1.2 












14 37 


9 14 




1.0 


0.0 












13 52 


9 52 
8 30 




0.5 


0.0 
0.0 












14 OS 


9 08 


[ 25 


0.5 


0.0 






■ 








7 47 


1 6 16 




0.0 


0.80 


9.60 










13 22.0 


6 30.2 




6 40 
4 16 






1.77 








do 


3 


11 40 


f 32 


2.07 












6 22 


1 7 03 




1.61 


0.42 


9.98 


do 


do 


4 


1 13 






2.30 












07 


7 09 




2.26 


L87 












20 6 12 




2.56 


L87 












27 


7 20 




2.20 


1.84 












1 09 


5 22 




2.43 


1.64 












—0 21 


6 37 
5 29 




2.10 


1.67 
1.57 












54 


6 59 




2.53 


- 1.77 












02 


5 37 




2.33 


1.80 












11 




1 12 13 
1 5 45 


2.92 


2.13 


0.55 


9.61 




■ 




26.9| 6 24.0 


2.43 


1.80 



78 



AECTIC TIDES. 

STiort series of tide ohservations, and results — Continued. 













Time of— 


No. 


Station. 


Latitude 
and 


Date. 


Moon's 

transits 

Greenwich 

meridian 










longitude. 




Gr. civil 
time. 


High Low 
water. : water. 






o , 




ft. m. 


A. m. 1 ft. m. 


1 


Bennett Island 


76 41 N. 


July 30,1881 


(2 43) 


19 25 13 25 






149 05 E. 




15 04 












July 31,1881 


(3 25) 
15 47 


8 10 
19 55 


125 

14 10 








Aug. 1,1881 


(4 09) 
16 32 


8 05 
20 25 


1 55 
14 25 








Aug. 2,1881 


(4 55) 
17 19 


8 25 
21 15 


2 40 
14 55 








Aug. 3,1881 


(5 45) 
18 11 


9 13 
22 25 


3 15 
15 40 








Aug. 4,1881 


(6 38) 
19 06 


10 25 

22 25 


3 55 
16 26 








Aug. 5,1881 


(7 36) 
20 06 


11 05 
23 55 


4 25 
16 55 








Aug. 6,1881 


(8 36) 


11 56 


5 25 


2 


Cape Flora, Franz Josef Land * 


79 56 N. 


Aug. 26,1895 


(4 4 
17 14 










49 41 E. 




13 05 










Sept. 3,1895 


(11 29) 
23 50 




16 28 








Sept. 4,1895 


(12 09) 


9 47 
22 45 


16 35- 








Sept. 5,1895 


29 
(12 48) 




16 07 



Geo. W. De Long: The Voyage of the Jeannette, Vol. II. 

F. G. Jackson: A Thousand Days in the Arctic, p. 912. Observer, A. B. Armitage. 



NONHABMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 

STiort series of tide observations, and results — Continued. 



79 



Intervals 
corrected 

for transits, 
kind of 

time used 
and time 

of month. 



Ranges 
corrected 
for phase, I 

time of 

month, 

time of 
year, and 
longitude 
of moon's 



Observation Station used for com- 
time. I parisoii. 



10 


21 


10 


45 


10 


08 


10 


16 


10 


08 


10 


00 


9 


56 



9 19 
9 19 
9 19 



4 59 
4 26 

3 19 

4 14.7 



2.92 
3.00 



2.98 
3.06 



2.75 
3.11 



1.57 



0.46 
0.61 

0.79 
0.94 
1.02 
1.17 
1.32 



0.81 
0.42 
0.62 



Local time, 
European 
date. 



Teplitz Bay and Point ' 1 
Barrow combined. 



Local t- 



* Flood from west. 



80 AKCTIC TIDES. 



ERROXEOUS TIDAL DATA NEAR MERIDIAN 141" W. 

On page 178 of his Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, 
etc., Thomas Simpson says: "It was high water about 4 o'clock, both p. m. and 
a. m.; rise of the tide six inches.'" This quotation refers to August 11 and 12, 1S37. 
the locahty of observation being a short distance east from Demarcation Point. 

In the table given on pages 68 to 79 it will be seen that these observed tunes 
of the tide give IV. 84 as the tidal hour. 

In the same table it will be noticed that observations taken hj Lefiingwell on 
November 7 and 8, 1906, a few miles west of Demarcation Point give IX. 98 as the 
tidal hour. This value agrees well with the tidal hour for Herschel Island, IX. 60, 
obtained from observations taken by the Royal Mounted Pohce in September, 1908. 

These recent values show that the time of the tide in the vicinity of Demarca- 
tion Pomt does not differ materially from the time, wherever observed, for the coast 
Une extending from Pomt Barrow to and beyond the mouths of the Mackenzie 
River. There are, therefore, no indications from the tide of the existence of an 
island lying off the Alaskan coast and which I indicated upon a map fu-st published 
in the National Geographic Magazine (Vol. 15, 1904, p. 256). In inferring its exist- 
ence, great weight was given to the above-quoted statement of Simpson's, which 
embraced the only definite information available at the time. It now turns out to 
be erroneous. Perhaps "4 o'clock" is a misprmt for "9 o'clock," a time in fair 
accord \\Tith the facts. Such a mistake could easily have occurred on account of the 
similarity, in some manuscript forms, of the figures "4" and "9." 

DIRECTION OF TIDAL STREAMS, AXD OF APPARENT WAVE PROGRESSION. 

The du'ection of flood stream generalh" coincides with the direction of wave 
propagation or of apparent progression of the tune of tide. The flood stream at any 
given point may be defined as the stream whose maximum velocity falls on the 
rismg tide and does not occur later than the time of local high water. The direc- 
tion of the flood stream can therefore be ascertained by making tidal and current 
observations at any given station, whereas the direction of tidal progression can be 
ascertained with certainty onh" by knowmg the times of tide at two or more stations 
situated a moderate distance apart. 

In the following table, entitled '"Tidal streams," the directions are generally 
those in which flood streams set, or are supposed to set, and are not necessarflj^ the 
directions of apparent wave progression. In several instances the observers, or the 
authorities cited, have doubtless mistaken the flood for the ebb, and vice versa. 

QUOTATIONS RELATING TO THE DIRECTION OF THE FLOOD STREAM AT POINT BARROW. 

(71° 23' 33" N., 156° 20' W.) "The configuration of Point Barrow afforded 
me a decisive opportunity of ascertaining the direction of the flood and ebb tides. 
Both were equally strong: the former coming from the south-west, and sweeping 
round the point; the latter retiring in the reverse direction. When we arrived, the 
morning tide had just turned, and the fall was fourteen inches. The moon being 



KOlSTHARMONIO TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 81 

then three days old, the tune of high-water at full and change will be noon. The 
afternoon tide was stiU rising when we took our departure at 1 P. M., and I could not 
help remarking that the velocity of both ebb and flow was far greater than the incon- 
siderable rise and fall would have led me to expect."* 

(Boat Extreme, 71° 03' 24" N., 154° 26^' W.) "Mr. Dease had observed a 
pretty regular semi-diurnal tide, which rose on an average fifteen inches, and came 
along the reefs from the north-west. This coincides with my own remarks at Point 
Barrow, except that there the tide flows from the soutJi-west, because such is the 
trending of the land to Behring's Straits. There can, therefore, remain no doubt 
that this western part of the Arctic Sea receives its tides from the Pacific."* 

(Elson's Bay.) "The tides have been registered hourly for nine months, and 
the result is that the flood makes from the west, and the mean rise and fall in Elson's 
Bay is seven inches. The time of high water at full and change is 1 p. m.; but great 
irregularities occur from the wind, the rise being scarcely perceptible with fresh E. 
and N. E. breezes, when with S. W. gales it amounts to 3^ feet."t [The substance of 
this note appears upon United States Hydrographic Office Chart, No. 1189.] 

(Ooglaamie.) "Flood tides came from the southward and westward and there 
was a prevailing current setting to the northeast. The ebb current slackened but 
did not reverse this current. 

"The daily rise and fall of tide is quite small, being about 6 or 7 inches, but 
during the series of observations [Feb. 26 to June 17, 1883] the level of the sea varied 
more than 3 feet." J 

For results of tidal analysis of these observations, see table given on pages 40 
to 43. 

As mentioned elsewhere in this paper, a few current observations taken by 
Collinson on July 25 and 26, 1851, also seem to indicate that the flood stream 
comes from the west. 

*Thos. Simpson: Discoveries on the North Coast of America, 1836-1839, pp. 161, 162, 167, 168. 
t Accounts and Papers, Navy, Vol. 42, 1854, p. 162. 

t Lieut. P. H. Ray: Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, p. 678, 
and map opposite p. 28." 
62730—11 6 



ARCTIC TIDES. 

Tidal streams. 



Locality or station. 



Latitude. 



Southeast coast ot Melville Island 

Southeast coast' of Byam Martin Island. 

Cape Welsford 

Winter Island 



107 04 
103 45 



Not clear, southward (?). 

do 

Westerly 

Southward 



About 3 mUes northeasterly from Adderley 

bluff, west side of Fox Channel. 
Fox Channel, west side , 



.do. 



Narrows, Fury and Hecla Strait. 
East of Demarcation Point 



Western part of Barter Island . 

West of Barter Island 

East Flaxman Island 

Near Cape Bathurst 

Cape Lyon 

7 nules from Cape Krusensten . 
Camden Bay 



Point Barrow 

Boat extreme, east of Point Barrow. . 
Point Barrow to Coppermine River. . 
Cape Alexander, east of Dease Strait. 

East of Dease Strait 

Near Point Barrow 



McClure Strait 

North of Penny Strait 

Dease Strait, ofl Cambridge Bay 

Between Griffith and CornwaUis Islands. 
West coast of Baring Land 



Point Barrow. 



Table Island, north of GrinneU Land . 
Northern part of Wellington Channel. 



Prince of Wales Strait. 



Between Mackenzie and Coppermine rivers. 
Bay of Mercy, Banks Land 



Cape Flora, Franz Josef Land . 



cir. 67 05 
67 12 



South-southwesterly . 

Southerly 

do 

do 



Not ascertained. 



127 21 
122 51 
113 53 



Eastward (?) 

Westward (?) 

Not clear 

Westward 

do 

Northwest 

Apparently eastward. 



71 24 
71 03 



Northeast. 
Southeast. 
Eastward. 
....do.... 



Easterly... 
Westerly... 
Not clear.. 
Northwest. 



Northeasterly (?). 



Eastward. 
West 



North. 
79 56 



East. 
49 41 



to 3 knots at 
springs. 



2§ knots at springs. 



NONHABMONIC TIDAL, QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 

Tidal streams. 



83 



Northeasterly... 
North-northeast 



Eastward : 21mots. 



Southerly. 



Easterly (strong) 



Northerly 
easterly. 



Easterly . . 
Eastward. 



Velocity. 



Nearly 6 ki 
with tide. 



Parry's First Voyage, p. 60.. . 

Ibid., pp. C2-63 

Parry's Second Voyage, p. 40. 
Ibid., p. 247 



Ibid., p. 250. 



Ibid., p. 253 

Ibid., p. 257 

Ibid., p. 263 

Ibid., chart at end of volume 

....do 

Ibid., pp. 319, 336, 337 

Franklin's Second Expedition to the Polar I 



Ibid., p. 147 

Ibid., p. 150 

Ibid., p. 153 

Ibid., p. 284 

do 

do 

Simpson: Discoveries on the North Coast of 
■America, p. 123. 

Ibid, p. 161 

Ibid., p. 167 

Ibid., pp. 288, 289 

Ibid., p. 357 

Ibid., p. 363 

CoUinson: lournal of H. M. S. Enterprise, pp. 
138-142. 

Ibid., map, opposite p. 255 ^ 

do 

Ibid., p. 291 

Reports on the Arctic Expeditions, 1852, p. 116. . . 

Arctic Expeditions In Search of FraniUn, 
1852-53, pp. 59, 60. 

Accounts and Papers, Navy, Vol. 42, 1854, p. 162. . 

I Accounts and Papers, Arctic Expedition, 
1854-5, Vol. 35, pp. 118-120. 
Belcher: The Last of the Arctic Voyages, Vol. I, 
p. 105. 
Belcher: The Last of the Arctic Voyages, Vol. II, 
p. 219. 

{McClure: The Discoveries of the North-West 
Passage, p. 197. 
Richardson: The Polar Regions, p. 231 

{McClintock: Franklin and his Discoveries, pp. 
181-183. 
Richardson: The Polar Regions, pp. 196, 230 

Richardson: The Polar Regions, p . 230 

Osborn quoted ta the Threshold of the Unknown 

Region, Markham, p. 222. 
Jackson: A Thousand Days in the Arctic, p. 912. 
Stream turns 20 minutes before high water or 
low water. 



B4 ABCa?IC TIDES. 

NONXroAL OR DRIFT CURRENTS IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS. 



The voyages of the Jeannette and the Fram, and the sledge journey of Mikkelsen 
and Leffingwell, appear to establish beyond all reasonable doubt the existence of a 
broad west-going offshore current or drift which extends from the mouth of the 
Mackenzie River westward, north of Point Barrow, New Siberia, Franz Josef Land, 
and the Spitzbergen Islands, and finally emerges from the Arctic as the principal 
constituent of the current which passes between Greenland and Iceland, around 
Cape Farewell, and up the eastern shore of Baffin Bay. Peterman's map of 1865 
(see Fig. 1) indicates that the currents north of Alaska flow westward. CoUinson 
found the set of the current, not far from the shore, to be eastward around Point 
Barrow. 

The general set of the waters through the Arctic Ai-chipelago is easterly and 
southerly into Baffin Bay. This east-going drift was noticed by McClure as far west 
as Baring Land, and CoUinson observed it in Dease Strait.' Captain Bernier states 
that "the general output runs to the eastward" in McClure Strait. Further east- 
ward the set is very pronoimced, especially in Bellot, Fury and Hecla, and Hudson 
straits. McClure found large quantities of drift wood in the Prince of Wales Strait, 
which probably came from the Mackenzie River; but Amimdsen found the quantity 
of driftwood much greater to the west of the mouth of the river than to the east of it. 
The fact that a cask set adrift in 1900 off Cape Bathurst was picked up on the northern 
coast of Norway in 1908 seems to indicate that the dividing point between the west- 
going and east-going currents may lie at times as far east as Cape Bathurst. 

The easterly set north of Grant Land and Greenland, observed by Peary, forms 
a second constituent of the current flowing southward along the eastern coast of 
Greenland. 

The direction toward which the wind blows is often in general accord with that 
taken by the drifting ice and surface water. The small evaporation in high latitudes 
and the influx of large rivers necessitate a permanent discharge of fresh water from 
the Arctic into the Atlantic Ocean. The lighter water remaining near the surface 
produces a southward downward slope and so southerly-flowing superficial streams; 
it also necessitates a slow northerly-flowing undercurrent. 

According to Buchan's chart, the region of highest barometer for the Arctic 
waters is in the vicinity of Cape Bathurst, whUe the region for lowest barometer lies 
close to Cape Farewell. 

The prevailing winds at Point Barrow are from east-northeast. During the 
drifting of the Fram, the wind was from the east rather than from the west. The 
prevailing winds east of Greenland are from the northeast. The winds through the 
American Archipelago are, as a rule, from the north or northwest. Peary found 
westerly winds north of Grant Land and Greenland. 

REFERENCES. 

Journal of Parry's Second Voyage for the Discovery of the Northwest Passage, 
pages 257, 336, 337 (London, 1824). 

George F. McDougall: The Eventful Voyage of H. M. Discovery Ship Resolute to 
the Arctic Regions, etc., pages 360, 361, and chart opposite page 1 (London, 1857). 




62730—] 1 . (To lace page 84. ) 



NONHABMONIO TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CUKRENTS. 85 

John Richardson: The Polar Regions, pages 230-236 (Edinburgh, 1861). 

Clements R. jMarkham: The Threshold of the Unknown Region, page 223 
(London, 1873). 

Capt. Karl Koldewe)^: The German Arctic Expedition of 1869-70 and Narrative 
of the Wreck of the Hansa in the Ice, pages 113-148 (London, 1874). 

A Selection of Papers on Arctic Geography and Ethnology. Reprinted, and 
presented to the Arctic Expedition of 1875, pages 97-104, 110-144 (London, 1875). 

Scientific Results of the United States Arctic Expedition, Steamer Polaris, C. F. 
Hall, conmianding. Vol. 1, Ph3^sical Observations by Emil Bessels. Chart at end of 
volume (Washington, 1876.) 

Julius Payer: New Lands within the Arctic Circle, Vol. II, page 268 (London, 
1876). 

J. E. Nourse: Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition made by Charles F. 
Hall (Washington, 1879). 

The voyage of the Jeannette. The Ship and Ice Journals of George W. De Long, 
edited hj his wnfe, Emma De Long (Boston, 1883). 

A. W. Greely: Report on the Proceedings of the United States Expedition to 
Lady Franklin Bay, Grinneh Land, Vol. II, pages 412-414 (Washington, 1888). 

Richard CoUinson: Journal of H. M. S. Enterprise, edited by his brother, T. B. 
Collmson, pages 138, 139, 140, 142, 150, 291 (London, 1889). 

Henry M. Prentiss: The Great Polar Current (New York, cir. 1897). 

F. Nansen: The Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893-1896, Scientific 
Results. 

C. Ryder: Some investigations relating to the ocean currents in the sea between 
Norway, Scotland, and Greenland, Nautical Meteorological Annual for 1904 (Copen- 
hagen, 1905). 

Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1904 (Manual, Pt. IVB), pages 381-389; 
Ibid., 1907 (Manual, Pt. V), pages 434-441. 

Roald Amundsen: The Northwest Passage, Vol. II, pages 137 and 159 (New 
York, 1908). 

Ejnar Mikkelsen: Conquering the Arctic Ice, pages 255 and 438 (London, 1909). 

BuUetin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 37 (1905), pages 738, 739; 
Vol. 39 (1907), pages 607-620; Vol. 41 (1909), page 104. 

The Geographical Journal, Vol. 33 (1909), page 443. 

A. Petermann: Der Nordpol und Siidpol, Mittheilxmgen aus Justus Perthes' 
Geographischer Anstalt, etc., 1865, pages 146-160. Also, Ibid., Erganzungsband VI, 
1869-71, Plate I, following page 118. Figure 1 of the present paper was taken from 
these two sources. 

Charts of the Arctic Regions published by the British Admiralty and the United 
States Hydrographic Office. Particularly Admiralty Charts Nos. 2443 (1859), 593 
(1909); U. S. H. O. Charts Nos. 318, 1531 (1896.) 



CHAPTER IV. 
DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF RESULTS. 

OOTID AL CHARTS. 

The cotidal chart accompamang this paper shows the Greenwich lunar time of 
the occurrence of mean liigh water. In its construction the mean or corrected estab- 
hshment has been used. This is generally about twenty minutes less than the 
estabhshment referred to the day of full and change. It also differs slightly from the 
estabhshment or interval obtained from the Mj — tide alone. The, side of the line 
upon wliich a Roman numeral is written indicates the direction in which the wave 
appears to progress. Changes in the time or hour of the tide in going from place to 
place are spoken of as "progressions," although in many instances the character 
of the tide has httle resemblance to a wave progressing at the rate due to depth; that 
is, at the rate '\jg Ji where ?i denotes the depth expressed in feet. 

The Arabic numerals scattered over the cotidal chart indicate the mean ranges 
of the tide expressed in feet or in feet and tenths of feet, somewhat in accordance 
-wdtli the probable accuracy of the determination. These values are supposed to refer 
to the actual or observable mean ranges of tide and not to the strictly semidiurnal 
tide alone; that is, they mclude small effects due to the existence of diurnal compo- 
nents and harmonics of tlie semidiurnals. If the diurnal wave is so large that only 
one high water and one low water occur daily when the moon is near extreme 
dechnation, the diurnal components are omitted from the computation of the mean 
semidaily range of tide, and the resulting ranges are bracketed on the chart. 

In the descriptions of the semidaily tides given beyond, the ranges used have, for 
convenience, generally been those shown upon the chart ; and so for theoretical pur- 
poses a shght allowance would have to be made for this fact. The use of the word 
"semidiurnal" wiU be confined to regular waves having periods of about one-half 
day each. The context wiU generally show whether or not it is necessary to dis- 
criminate between the words "semidaily" and "semidiurnal." 

Cotidal charts for all portions of the world are given in the Coast and Geodetic 
Survey Report for 1904 (Manual, Pt. IV B). Some modifications have been made in 
the cotidal charts shown on pages 533-536, Popular Science Montlily, Vol. 74 (1909). 

IMPERFECT EQUILIBRIUM TIDES. 

The dimensions of the oceans are such that they can not assume equilibrium 
forms in a half-day period. The dominating semidiurnal tides in almost all localities 
are due directly or indirectly to wave motions or oscillations where the inertia of the 
water plays an important part. There are a few land-locked portions of the sea 
where approximate equihbrium tides predominate — especially along those coasts 
which lie farthest fi'om large openings. Examples of tliis are the eastern half of the 
Mediterranean Sea, the western portion of the Gulf of Mexico, and the southwestern 
corner of the Caribbean Sea. 



DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF RESULTS. 87 

For the montlily and fortnightly disturbances, the entire ocean is in approximate 
equihbrium with the forces acting upon it. 

The predominating diurnal tides in several instances show a tendency to obey 
the equilibrium theory, not only in those bodies or arms of water which are largely 
surrounded by land, but also in extended gulfs or bays. The western portion of the 
Atlantic Ocean obeys, in a measure, the equilibrium theory in the production of its 
diurnal tides.* 

The Arctic Ocean being nearly surrounded by land would, if everywhere of suffi- 
ent depth, certainly obey the equihbrium theory in reference to its diurnal tides. 
As a matter of fact, observations indicate that the diurnal tides in cert am parts 
of the Arctic Ocean are largely equilibrium tides produced in tliisoceah; while those 
found in other parts of the Arctic are propagated into it from the northern extremities 
of the Atlantic Ocean. 

The manner in which these Atlantic diurnal tides are formed is somewhat uncer- 
tain, but they probably originate through the action of tidal forces upon the waters 
of certain portions of the ocean wliicli are partially surrounded by land, and in ac- 
cordance with the folio-wing statements which relate to a mode of producing imperfect 
equihbrium tides: 

Consider a large bay wliich happens to be somewhat parabolic or V-hke in. form. 
Suppose the ocean or sea of which it is a branch to be so extensive that equilibrium 
tides in the main body are impossible. It is required to show how an approximate 
equilibrium surface may exist in the bay and its approaches at any given instant. 

By hypothesis, the ocean of which the bay forms a part can not at any time be 
in equihbrium with gravity and the tidal forces. At the time when the forces act 
strongest towards the head of the bay they are capable of holding its waters on a slope 
(could they attain to this condition), thus producing high water over the bay. The 
horizontal oscillatory movements of the ocean may be largely lost or dissipated and 
still set up the assumed surface slope of the bay; because an ocean disturbance, or 
pulse, of long front, advancing towards the bay w^iU, upon entering, experience lateral 
reflections which tend to destroy the oscillatory movement and to heap up the water 
in the focus or axis of the bay, thus making an imperfect equihbrium tide possible. 
The nearer the head of the bay, the nearer will the slope of its surface approach the 
slope which the tidal forces are capable of directly mamtaining for the given time. 
At the mouth of the bay the surface is not tilted in accordance with the forces and 
there the range of the tide may be supposed to be comparatively small. 

On account of the small diurnal fluctuation in the slope of an equilibrium surface, 
no considerable diurnal tide can arise in this manner unless the distance from the 
head of the bay to the main body of the ocean is considerable. 

The principal bays or embayments where imperfect equilibrium tides formed 
in this manner either dominate or seriously modify those producetl otherwise are 
probably the following: The northern angles or portions of the north Atlantic 
Ocean, the southeastern corner of the Pacific Ocean, Bay of Panama and ap- 
proaches(?), Gulf of Alaska, Ross Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Arabian Sea. 

* Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1900, pp. 554, 555, 660, 661. 



ARCTIC TIDES. 



High water produced in this manner occurs at about the time when the direc- 
tion of the tide-producing forces coincides with the axis of the bay and are acting 
toward its head.* 



AMPHIDROMIO REGIONS. 



The position of several no-tide points and the surrounding amphidromic regions 
are shown upon the chart of cotidal hues and also in the table here given: 





Position of no-tide point. 


Latitude (N.). 


Longitude(W.). 


Between Shetland and Faroe 


61 39 
63 06 
83 45 
68 09 
63 53 


5 25 
10 18 
50 30 
79 00 
163 41 


Between Faroe and Iceland 


Off coast of Peary Land 


Fox channel 







From each of these points cotidal lines radiate and the tidal hours are num- 
bered progressively from I to XII. Most of these regions have been pointed out 
and briefly explained in the Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1904, pages 
332-338, 379, 388, and 395 (Manual, Ft. IV B). 

There are possibilities for still other amphidromic regions where the geography 
is conjectural. A narrow gulf having regular sides and a closed end, and a depth 
such that its length is more than IX, may constitute or possess an amphidromic 
region; e. g., Norton Sound. If v denote the velocity of the tidal current expressed 
in feet per second, then the horizontal deflecting force due to the earth's rotation is 

0.000 145 842 v cos 6 (19) 

poundals, where 6 denotes colatitude. This force divided by g gives 

0.000 004 533 18 v cos 6. (20) 

It acts towards the right in the Northern Hemisphere and towards the left in the 
Southern. This is the gradient or transverse slope of a narrow stream, arising 
from the earth's deflecting force. 

Now the maximum velocity across the nodal hne of a gulf rectangular in 
outline is 



■VI 



(21) 



where A' denotes the amplitude or semirange of the tide at the head of the gulf, 
and h the half -tide level depth of the water, f 

The range of tide at either end of the nodal line due to the earth's rotation is 
0.000 004 533 v cos ^X length of nodal line or width of gulf. (22) 

The maximum velocity of the tidal current for a progressive wave is A.'.*^ 



* For the magnitude and direction of the tide-producing forces 
Report, 1900, pp. 547, 548, and Fig. 1 (Manual, Ft. IV A). 

t Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1907, p. 277 (Manual, Pt. V). 



Coast and Geodetic Survey 



DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF RESULTS. 89 

where A' denotes its average amplitude. Such a wave is generally due to openings 
at or near the head of the gulf; but its anaplitude can not generally be determined 
with much accuracy from geograpliical considerations alone. It is, therefore, 
sometimes difficult to see in advance whether or not progressive waves will prevent 
the occurrence of amplridromic regions even where the soundings and shore lines 
are well known. 

In straits or channels the amplitude of the progressive wave is generally suffi- 
ciently great for preventing the occurrence of amphidromic regions. An exception 
occurs when a strait connects two bodies whose tides are in opposite phases, that is, 
whose tidal hours differ by six. The oscillation in the strait is then stationary or 
nearly stationary; and would, but for the deflecting force, or the presence of pro- 
gressive waves, possess a nodal line crossing the strait somewhat nearer to the 
body having the smaUer tide than to the other bod3^ But the presence of the deflect- 
ing force or of certain progressive waves may produce an amphidromic region in 
the strait or channel, and tliis will be characterized by a no-tide point instead of 
by a nodal line. 

The flood velocity in a progressive wave attains its m.aximum value at the 
time of local high water. If such a wave pass between two shore lines of considerable 
length but not too far asunder, the range of tide will be greater upon the right side 
than upon the left, supposing the observer to be facing the direction in which the 
wave is propagated. The reverse of this will be the case in the Southern Hemisphere. 

This explains why the range of tide is greater upon the western coast of Spitz- 
bergen than upon the eastern coast of northern Greenland. It also partially 
explains why the range of tide is greater along the coast of Norway than along the 
eastern coast of Greenland to the northward of Iceland. It is practically certain 
that to the northward of Davis Strait the range of tide is considerably greater along 
the Greenland coast of Baffin Bay than along Baffin Island, which constitutes the 
western coast. The cotidal lines must spread apart upon the eastern coast and 
crowd together upon the western. The openings near the head of the bay have been 
assumed to prevent the occurrence of a no-tide point and an amphidromic region. 
But the meager tidal information for Scott Inlet and River Clyde, p. 69, on the 
coast of Baffin Island, indicates the necessity for a no-tide point situated, say, 
between Cumberland Peninsula and Disko Island. This matter could be settled by 
procuring observations in Home Bay. 

The amphidromic region off Peary Land deserves special consideration. The 
stationary oscillation in Smith Sound, Kane Basin, and Robeson Channel extends 
along the coast of- Peary Land, the trend of which is about the same as that of 
Robeson Channel. The deflecting force of the earth's rotation gives the moving 
water a tendency to crowd towards the coast of Peary Land on the northeasterly- 
going stream and a tendency to leave this coast on the stream going southwesterly. 
It is therefore possible for this motion to sustain a considerable transverse slope if 
once such a slope could have originated. That is, the force due to stope or pressure 
gradient urging the water away from or towards the coast at any given instant may, 
for a certain form of surface, approximately balance the deflecting force tending to 
pile it up along, or withdraw it from, the coast. 



90 AECTIC TIDES. 

As already stated, the water surface partakes of a transverse slope in a stream 
not too wide and having banks along both sides. Cases like this are not difhcult to 
understand. But where there is only one bank, as in the present instance, it is not 
so easy to see how the transverse deflecting force can cause a transverse slope, 
although it is easy to see how it could aid in sustaining such slope. The velocity, 
and so the deflecting force, will be considerable even where the stationar}^ wave from 
the strait joins the practically tideless sea, say at Cape Payer. 

The stationary wave is accompanied by a small dependent progressive wave 
due to irregularities in shore line, depth, and cross section of the stationary tidal 
streams. The fluctuation in the surface level produced by this progressive wave 
may be such that the instantaneous transverse slope of the surface will, for a portion 
of the coast concerned, agree with that implied in the deflecting force connected 
with the stationary oscillation. Where this is the case the deflecting force will 
cause the resultant tide to exceed in size what the progressive wave alone would 
have been in the absence of such force; but where the reverse is the case the tide 
will be reduced by the action of this force. 

Regardless of the existence of any deflecting force, the range of tide can not 
suddenly decrease to zero as one passes from a strait having a good rise-and-fall into 
a practically tideless sea. 

NECESSITY FOR A TRACT OF LAND, AN ARCHIPELAGO, OR AN AREA OF SHALLOW 
WATER IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN. 

Since Nansen's chscovery of ocean depths along the track of the Fram it has 
been quite generally assumed that deep water covers all or nearly all of the unlmown 
Arctic territory situated to the northward of the kno^\^l land masses. That such 
is not the case can be conclusively proven. But there is difficulty in showing with 
certainty whether land or very shallow water is responsible for certain observed 
phenomena. 

The following are a few well-estabhshed facts which show at once the necessity 
for land or shoals: 

(1) At Point Barrow the flood stream comes from the west and not from the 
north, as the hypothesis of an extended and deep polar basin implies. 

(2) The range of the semidaily tide at Bennett Island is 2.5 feet, while it is 
only 0.4 foot at Point Barrow and 0.5 foot at Flaxman Island. 

(3) The observed tidal hours and ranges of tide show that the semidaily tide is 
, not propagated to the Alaskan coast directly across a deep and uninterrupted polar 

basin. 

The tides along the northern coast of Alaska could not, under the hypothesis 
of an uninterrupted deep basin, differ materially in time from those occurring upon 
the northern coast of Bennett Island. For, wliile the distance from the Spitzbergen 
Islands and northeastern Greenland to the Alaskan coast somewhat exceeds that to 
Bennett Island, the shoals around tliis island greatly exceed any likely to occur off 
the Alaskan coast. Notwithstanding the shoals around Bennett Island, the observed 
tidal hour at Rudder Point, the island's southern extremity, is VI.6, while the 
tidal hour at Flaxman Island is IX. 5. 



DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF RESULTS, 91 

The semidiurnal tides produced by the tide-producing forces acting upon the 
waters of the Arctic Ocean are small because these forces yanish at the Pole. For 
a deep sea circular in form, with center at the Pole, the theoretical equilibrium 
semidiurnal tide would agree with that known as the "uncorrected" equilibrium 
tide. At the margin of a zone having a radius of 10° the theoretical range amounts 
to 0.05 foot, and for one having a 20° radius to 0.2 foot. These are negligible 
quantities when compared with 2.5 feet, the range of the seixiidaily tide at Rudder 
Point, Bennett Island, showing that this tide must be transmitted from the Atlantic 
Ocean. If the deep-basin hypothesis were correct, there could be no reasonable 
doubt that since the tides at Bennett Island are derived from a propagation directly 
across a deep polar basin so must be the tide along the northern coast of Alaska. 
The observed tidal hours show this to be impossible. 

(4) The observed ranges of the diurnal tides at Tephtz Bay, Bennett Island, 
Pitlekaj, Point Barrow, and Flaxman Island have less than one-half of their theo- 
retical equilibrium values based upon the assumption of an uninterrupted and deep 
polar basin. 

The equilibrium theory should apply especially well to the diurnal tide in a 
body like the Arctic Ocean if its bed consists mainly of a single deep basin ; and the 
ranges of the diurnal tide should exceed their ecpiilibrium values wherever the tide 
has progressed from deep water over extensive shallow-water belts along the coasts. 
But, as already stated, the observed ranges of the diurnal tide are surprisingly small. 

SHAPE AND SIZE OF HYPOTHETICAL LAND. 

From various indications it will be assumed that the land in question is trape- 
zoidal in form and that it contains nearly half a million square statute miles. 

One corner has been placed to the northward of Bennett Island. This appears 
to be necessitated by the direction and velocity of the Jeannette during the last 
five months of her drifting; also by the diminution in the range of the semidaily 
tide from 2.5 feet at Bennett Island to 0.2 foot at Pitlekaj, 0.4 foot at Point Barrow, 
and 0.5 foot at Flaxman Island. The small range of the diurnal tide at Bennett 
Island indicates the existence of a large tract of land lying between this island and 
the Arctic Archipelago of America. 

Another corner has been placed to the northward of Point Barrow. This 
assumption assists in explaining the eastward set of the flood tide at Point Barrow; 
also the westward drifting of the ice, well off the Alaskan coast, observed by 
Mikkelsen and Leffingwell.* 

From this corner the coast line is assumed to trend in an easterly direction 
nearly to Banks Land, thus forming the northern boundary of Beaufort Sea. Such 
a boundary is indicated by the westward drifting just mentioned, by the age of the 
ice in Beaufort Sea, by the probable course taken by a cask set adrift off Cape 
Bathurst and picked up on the northern coast of Norway, also by the magnitude 
of the range of the diurnal tide at Point Barrow and Flaxman Island. 

Another corner has been placed to the northwest of Banks Land. But whether 
the unknown land approaches nearest to the known lands at Banks Land, Prince 

* It is interesting to note here that in 1865 Petermann inferred the offshore currents north of Alaska 
to flow westerly. (See Fig. 1, and pp. 84, 85.) 



92 AECTIC TIDES. 

Patrick Island, or at some point farther eastward seems to be an open question. 
The fact that the time of tide, as shown upon the cotidal chart, is but little later 
at the mouths of the Mackenzie River than in McClure Strait indicates that the 
tide in the former locality is not greatly influenced by the tide coming from the 
latter. This may indicate that the polar land approaches nearer to Banks Land 
than to Prince Patrick Island. The indications just noted in reference to the 
northern boundary of Beaufort Sea also apply to this corner of the trapezoid which 
forms the eastern terminus of this boundary. 

Another corner has been placed northwest of Grant Land. This is indicated 
by the discovery of Crocker Land by Peary; by a shoaling north of the eighty-fifth 
parallel observed by Peary, viz., 310 fathoms in latitude 85° 23' N.; by the eastward 
progression and range of the semidaily tide wave at Cape Columbia; and perhaps 
by the eastward drift encountered by Peary in 1902 and 1906. f 

The coast line next the Pole is somewhat uncertain in position. The fact that 
the range of the semidaily tide is 0.4 foot at Cape Morris Jesup, 2.9 feet at Port 
Virgo, 1.9 feet at Treurenberg, 2.5 feet at Mossel Bay, 1.1 feet at Teplitz Bay, and 
2.5 feet at Bbunett Island indicates that the Arctic basin traversed by Nansen is 
limited on the side nearest the Pole; the small size of the diurnal tide at Teplitz 
Bay is a further indication. 

SEMIDAILY TIDES IN AECTIC WATERS. 

These tides are derived almost entirely from the tides generated in the North 
Atlantic Ocean. This is best illustrated by the accompanying chart showing cotidal 
lines and the average amount of rise and fall. Wherever ranges are given to tenths 
of a foot, it is safe to say that the time and height of the tide are fairly weU known 
from observation. On the other hand, the greater the distance from such points 
the greater, as a rule, will be the room for conjecture. 

The semidaily tides consist chiefly of two fairly distinct branches which may, 
for convenience, be spoken of as the Greenland Sea branch and the Baffin Bay 
branch. 

From the northern end of the North Atlantic tidal system where the range is 
large (the mean range at Reykjavik being 10 feet) a disturbance sets out through 
Denmark Strait. Another disturbance, coming chiefly from the loop of the North 
Atlantic system off southwestern Europe, passes up the outer coast of Ireland, 
Scotland, and Norway. 

The tide in Greenland Sea is a resultant of these two disturbances; it is nearly 
simultaneous over this entire sea, and has at Jan Mayen a mean range of 2.9 feet. 
The tide proceeds from thence both northward across the deep waters of the Arctic 
Ocean to Bennett Island and eastward across the shallow Barents Sea to the coast 
lying south of Nova Zembla. The tides of Kara Sea, the Gulf of Obi, and the 
Yenisei River probably result from the wave passing north of Franz Josef Land, 
as shown upon the cotidal chart. 

From Bennett Island to the northwestern coast of Alaska the depths are fairly 
well known; but to the northward of the track of the Jeannette no soundings have 

fSee appendix to Peary's book "The North Pole," entitled "Summary of Bathymetrical, Tidal, 
and Meteorological Observations." 



DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OP RESULTS. 93 

been made. There is, therefore, a possibility that the tides at Bennett Island and 
those occurring at Point Barrow may not be connected in the manner shown upon 
the chart. 

It is a remarkable fact, now thoroughly established, that the tidal hour for the 
northern coast of Alaska is very nearly IX^. It is also laiown that the tidal hour 
increases in going eastward from Beaufort Sea to Dolphin and Union Strait. 

The range of tide increases from 0.4 foot at Point Barrow to 0.5 foot at Flaxman 
Island and 0.8 foot at Herschel Island. This fact, taken in connection with the 
probable rapid change in the tidal hour between Icy Cape and Point Barrow and the 
slow change occurring eastward from Point Barrow, seems to indicate the existence 
of a stationary wave about Ik in length, extending from Banks Land to Point Barrow. 
This would imply an average depth for Beaufort Sea of 450 fathoms. The depths 
found by Mikkelsen and Leffingwell north of the parallel 71° 20' were 339 fathoms, 
with no bottom. The observations of the set of the current off Point Barrow taken 
by CoUinson on July 25 and July 26, 1851, indicate that the maximum of the east- 
going stream occurs about 2^ hours before the time of high water for the northern 
coast of Alaska. 

Combining the values at Point Barrow with those at Flaxman Island we have, 
from the table given on pages 40 to 43, 

S2°-M2° = 4H°, S2/M2 = 0.40i, M2°-N2° = 24°, }^,fM^ = 0.15i. ■ 

The corresponding quantities for Teplitz Bay, Treurenberg, and Mossel Bay com- 
bined are 50°, 0.39, 27°, 0.21. This shows that by whatever route the Greenland 
Sea branch of the semidaily tide reaches the northern coast of Alaska, it must be 
combined with a branch or source having a considerably smaller age. Such a tide is 
probably formed by the transverse action of the tidal forces upon the waters of 
Beaufort Sea. If so it would be an imperfect equilibrium tide of small age, the range 
depending upon the width of the Beaufort Sea. If the width is 6J degrees of a great 
circle, the theoretical equilibrium value of the Mj— range would be for the latitude 
of Beaufort Sea, say 72^° N., about 0.08 foot. A wave of this range having zero as 
age could well accelerate a wave having a range of 0.3 or 0.4 foot, and an age of, say, 
60 or 65 hours, as much as 10° or 12°; and so lessen the age by this amount. If 
the range of the tide produced in Beaufort Sea, or coming from other sources where 
the ages are small, be greater than this, the age of the observed or resultant tide wiU 
be lessened still more. The theoretical equihbrium value of the ratio Sj/Mj is 
0.46531. This, which may be regarded as the ratio for the tides originating in Beau- 
fort Sea proper, will, when combined with the above value fox northern Spitzbergen, 
give very nearly the value for Point Barrow and Flaxman Island. 
For Winter Harbor, MelviUe Island, we have 

S2°-M2° = 49°, S2/M2 = 0.59, M2°-N2° = 38°, 1^^/M^ = 0.14:. 

The age, 49° or 48 hours, agrees well with that found by McClure in the Bay of Mercy, 
viz., about 50 hours. Suppose now that a portion of the tide in Beaufort Sea comes 
from the east through McClure Strait. The phase age of this portion will not be 
much in excess of 50 hours. Consequently, one will not have to assume an age as 



94 AKCTIC TIDES. 

great as 60 or 65 hours as the age of the derived tide in Beaufort Sea ; nor that the 
portion of the tide generated in this sea shall exceed 0.08 foot. But, as elsewhere 
noted, the early tide in the vicinity of the mouth of the Mackenzie River indicates 
strongly that no great portion of the tide in the Beaufort Sea comes from the east 
through McClure Strait. 

The parallax age being somewhat less for Point Barrow and Flaxman Island 
than for the northern coasts of Spitzbergen and Franz Josef Land and Winter Harbor, 
gives a further indication that a portion of the Beaufort Sea tide originates in its 
own waters. 

However this m.a,j be, too great weight should not be attached to "ages" where 
the range of tide is small and where shoals and islands abound, and especially where 
the tide may be partly equilibrium and partly oscillatory in character. 

The following are some of the places at which the observed age of the phase 
inequality is negative:* Port Eads, Tampico, Ponce (P. R.), Colon, Montevideo, 
Dutch Harbor and vicinity, Batavia and stations in Java Sea, certain stations in 
Celebes Sea, Wellington (New Zealand), Port Chalmers (New Zealand), Cooktown 
(Australia), Cairns Harbor (Australia), Christiania, Oscarsborg, Arendal, and Copen- 
hagen. At most of these places the range of tide is small and the ratio Sj/lMj con- 
siderably different from the theoretical ratio 0.46531. 

In only a few cases has it appeared possible to explain negative ages or very 
great positive ones. Consequently in a deep sea lilce the Arctic Ocean, known to 
contain extensive shoals and islands, the existence of a tide wave of sufficiently 
small age to account for the fact that the age of the resultant or observed tide at 
Point Barrow and Flaxman Island is even less than the age of the tide at Mossel 
Bay, Treurenberg, or Teplitz Bay, may be difficult to account for but need not 
surprise us. 

The Baffin Bay branch covers a much smaller area than does the Greenland Sea 
branch, but the amount of the rise and faU is, in general, much greater. The tide 
in Baffin Bay and its approaches consists largely of a stationary wave. The nodal 
line is obscured by the deflecting force due to earth's rotation, and by the progres- 
sions to the northwest into Lancaster and Jones sounds. 

The wave progressing through Lancaster Sound produces the tides in the Gulf 
of Boothia (at the head of which they are said to be considerable), in Victoria Strait, 
Dease Strait, in MelviUe Sound, and in McClure Strait. Statements are confficting 
as- to the direction of the progTession through McClure Strait, and although McClure 
observed the tide in the Bay of Mercy and in the Prince of Wales Strait the lunitidal 
intervals were probably not determined. But the known time and range of tide in 
Melville Sound, when compared with these quantities for the coast lying east of the 
Mackenzie River, make it highly probable that the apparent progression through 
McClure Strait into Beaufort Sea is westerly. At any rate, Capt. J. E. Bernier, com- 
mander of the Arctic, states that the flood runs westward at Winter Harbor and 
Cape Providence on MelviUe Island. 

If a tided body communicate by means of a strait with a body having little or 
no tide, there wiU generally be some progression from the former into the latter; but, 

* Coast and Geodetic Sui-vey Reports, 1900, pp. 664-667; 1904, pp. 342-351 (Manual, Pts. IV A, 
IV B). 



DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF RESULTS. 95 

in so far as a stationary wave is produced in the strait, the direction of the flood stream 
in the strait will be in the opposite direction. For, the flood stream corresponds to a 
rising tide, and motion in the strait is from the tideless towards the tided body when 
the water in the strait is rising* This may explain the discrepant statements con- 
cerning the tides in McClure Strait and other channels leading out from Melville 
Sound. 

From Barrow Strait and Melville Sound the progxession is probably northward, 
although a few indications to the contrary are contained in the table given on pages 82 
and 83. Some reasons for this conclusion will appear in connection with the expla- 
nation of the tides north of Grant Land. 

The progression through Jones Sound is westward, as shown by observations 
made at Table Island. 

While there is some delay or progression in passing from the northern end of 
Baffin Bay into Kane Basin, the oscillation in Robeson Channel is practically a sta- 
tionary one, connecting a tided and tideless body. The tidal hour of the tided body 
(Kane Basin) being III^, it follows that the greatest northward velocity in Robeson 
Channel should occur 3 hours later or at VI |. This would tend to cause a pihng 
up of the waters upon the northwestern coast of Greenland at VI^ o'clock. On 
account of the narrowness of the channel this effect is there not very apparent, but 
farther to the northeast the tide is, as explained on page 89, partially caused by the 
crowding of the stream against the coast at VIJ o'clock and the withdrawing tendency 
which is greatest at about XII^ o'clock. The ampliidromic region northwest of 
Peary Land is somewhat analogous to those lying off the eastern coast of Argentina 
where waves progressing northward along the shore are compounded with a wave 
of small range coming from the deep oft'shore water, f 

The range of tide diminishes rapidly in going from the northern end of Robeson 
Channel, where it is about 3 feet, to Cape Morris Jesup, where it is only 0.38 foot. 
The rapid change in the tidal hour along the coast, necessitating an ampliidromic 
region as just noted, agrees well with the assumption of deep water to the north. 

The tides in Peary Channel, as shown upon the cotidal map, are of course only 
conjectural. 

The range of tide diminishes from 1.4 feet in Penny Strait and about 3 feet at 
the southern end of Byam Martin Channel to 0.8 foot at Cape Columbia. There can 
be no doubt of the direction of the wave progression, because the tide at Cape Colum- 
bia occurs 2 hours earlier than at Cape Sheridan. Considering the great distance 
from Penny Strait and Byam Martin Channel to Cape Columbia it appears highly 
probable that a channel of only moderate width exists north of the known Arctic 
Archipelago and northwest of Grant Land. For, if the Arctic Ocean proper washes 
these shores with no land to the northward, it is difficult to see how the tide at Point 
Aldrich now known to come from the west could have a range as great as 0.8 of a 
foot, wliich is the observed value. Crocker Land, seen by Peary, and a sounding of 
310 fathoms taken by his party in latitude 85° 23' indicate the approximate hmits 
of the hypothetical channel. 

* See Coast and Geodetic Survey Eeport, 1900, p. 683 (Manual, Pt. IV A). 

t United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1904, p. 392 and Fig. 29 (Manual, Pt. IV B). 



96 AECTIC TIDES. 

At Point Aldrich, Cape Columbia, we have from the table given on pages 40 to 43 
S2°-M2° = 54°,S2/M2 = 0.44,M2°-N2° = 36°,N2/M2 = 0.16. 

For four stations near the head of Baffin Bay at wliich harmonic constants are 
available, viz., Van Rensselaer Harbor, Port Foulke, Port Leopold, and Beechey 
Island the average values are 

S2°-M2° = 45°, S2/M2 = 0.38, M2°-N2° = 31°, N2/M2 = 0.20i. 

The difference in phase age between these stations and Point Aldrich is about 9°, 
or a Httle less than 9 lunar hours. The difference in parallax age is about 5°, or 
about 9 lunar hours. The tidal hour for Point Aldrich is XII. 26 and the average 
tidal hour for the four stations at the head of the bay is IV. 57, the difference being 
7.69 lunar hours, wliich is not very different from 9. Hence it is practically certain 
that the tides at Point Aldrich come from the tides at the head of Baffin Bay by way 
of Lancaster and Jones Sounds. 

For Fort Conger and Polaris Bay combined we have 

S2°-M° = 0A2h°, S2/M2 = 0.45^,M2°-N2° = 26°, N2/M2 = 0.19. 

The stationary character of the wave in Robeson Channel increases the difficulty of 
accounting for the ages of the tide at these two stations. 

The fact that the age of the phase inequality is essentially the same at Port 
Foulke, Van Rensselaer Harbor, Polaris Bay, Fort Conger, Cape Sheridan, and Cape 
Bryant goes to estabhsh the nearly stationary character of the tide from the northern 
end of Baffin Bay to the Arctic Ocean. 

Peary's observations show that the progression of the semidaily tide is from 
west to east along the northern coast of Grant Land and Greenland, and that the 
mean range of tide is only 0.38 foot at Cape Morris Jesup. In consequence of these 
facts, the following conclusion, which has been quite generally held for the past 
thirty years, turns out to be incorrect, viz., that because the time of the tide at Cape 
Sheridan is earlier than the time of the tide in Kane Basin the tide at Cape Sheridan 
must come from the Atlantic Ocean by way of northeastern Greenland.* 

It is thus seen that the existence of early tides at Cape Sheridan does not prove 
the insularity of Greenland, as had been claimed by some. The sledge journeys of 
Peary, however, dispelled all doubts on this subject, which had been a question of 
long standing. 

DIXJENAL TIDES IN AECTIC WATERS. 

Information is too meager to enable one to construct reliable cotidal lines repre- 
senting the Ki — and Oi — waves in the Arctic Ocean and nearby waters. The diurnal 
tides in the North Atlantic Ocean are mainly imperfect equilibrium tides, the imper- 
fections being due to the values of the free periods of this body and numerous defects 

* Cf. E. Bessels: Scientific Results of the United States Arctic Expedition, steamer Polaris, C. F. 
Hall, commanding, Vol. I, p. 86 (Washington, 1876). 

G. S. Nares: Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea, 1875-76, Vol. 2, p. 356, appendix by S. 
Houghton. London, 1878. 

A. W. Greely: Report on the Proceediags of the United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, 
Vol. 2, p. 699 (App. No. 140, by A. Christie). Washington, 1888. 



DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF BESULTS. 



97 



in its boundary. Because the western portion of this body of water is more nearly 
landlocked than the eastern, the equilibrium theory applies better to American 
than to African or European ports.* 

The question of the possibility of equilibrium tides in corners or angles of an 
ocean irrespective of the dimensions of such body, has been considered on page 87. 
From tliis it appears that diurnal tides of considerable size might be expected to exist 
between Labrador and southern Greenland. As a matter of fact, diurnal tides origi- 
nating here progress northward and westward, and constitute the predominating 
diurnal tides throughout the known Arctic Archipelago. 

The apparent progression of the Kj — and Oi — waves can be seen from the follow- 
ing values taken from the table given on pages 40 to 43 : 



Nennortalik .. 

Godthaab 

Kingua Fiord. 



10.62 
11.92 
6.62 



Feet. 
0.62 
0.69 
0.27 



Port Leopold 

Beechey Island 

Port Kennedy, Bellot Strait. 

Northumberland Sound 

Winter Harbor 



PortFoulke 

Van Rensselaer Harbor. 

Fort Conger ". , 

Polaris Bay 

Cape Bryant 

Cape Sheridan 

Point Aldrich 

Cape Morris Jesup 



20.43 


0.90 


22.33 


0.90 


22.63 


1.18 


24.74 


0.31 


25.20 


0.22 



17.31 
17.60 
19.12 
20.55 
22.77 
23.95 
25.39 
cir. 27 



1.05 
0.85 
0.28 
0.40 
0.32 
0.16 
0.17 



7.95 
8.85 
7.61 



16.93 
18.18 
21.34 
16.07 

14.51 
14.73 
17.59 
18.08 
21.15 
22.63 
23.37 
cir. 26 



Feet. 
0.36 
0.30 
0.09 

0.44 
0.49 
0.58 
0.15 
0.10 

0.41 
0.42 
0.09 
0.15 
0.14 
0.09 
0.11 



Upon comparing these hours with the tidal hours for the semidaily wave, as 
shown in the tables given on pages 40 to 43 or upon the chart of cotidal lines, it 
will be seen that about the same time is required by the diurnal as by the semidiurnal 
wave in passing from southern Greenland to Melville Island, Penny Strait, or Port 
Foulke. This indicates the progressive character of both kinds of waves over most 
of these routes. The ages of the diurnal tide in this region — i. e., the values of 
Ki° — Oi° — are somewhat irregular or anomalous and so in several cases of doubtful 
significance in connection with the progression here considered. 

A progressive wave controls the diurnal tide as far north as Polaris Bay and 
Fort Conger and probably as far to the northeast as Cape Morris Jesup. At this 
place the series of observations is not sufficiently long for separating the Oj from the 
K^; but the value of Kj + Oi is about 0.4 foot and the tidal hour of the diurnal wave 
is about XXVI or XXVII. 

The diurnal tides at Cape Bryant, Cape Sheridan, and Point Aldrich show by 
their tidal hours, ages, and amplitude ratios that they are influenced by diurnal 



• Coast and Geodetic Siirvey Report for 1900, pp. 554, 555, 
62730—11 7 



(Manual, Pt. IV A). 



98 



AKCTIC TIDES. 



tides from the north, as will be noted presently. However the ratio OJK^ shows that 
the tide at Cape Bryant comes chiefl}^ from Robeson Channel rather than from 
the Arctic. 

Whether the Arctic Ocean is assumed to be a deep uninterrupted body of water 
or a body of water somewhat annular in form — i. e., an ocean surrounding a mass 
of land by broad and deep channels — the times and ranges of the equilibrium diurnal 
tides along the known or outer shores wUl be nearly the same under either assumption. 
For this reason, great care must be exercised in drawing conclusions from the observed 
values of K^ and 0^. 

The diurnal tidal forces at the North Pole have an intensity of 0.000 000 044 66pr 
for Ki and of 0.000 000 031 75g for O^. They may be represented by arrows 
radiating from the Pole; and if the time interval be one component hour the angle 
between adjacent arrows will be 15°. For a small, deep polar basin the cotidal lines 
wUl radiate from the Pole, the zero hour line coinciding with the terrestrial meridian 
to which the times are referred. 

The arrows representing tidal forces in high latitudes differ but little from those 
at the Pole itself. The no-tide point of a body of water of moderate dimensions in 
any latitude which obeys the equilibrium theory coincides with the center of gravity 
of the surface of the body. Hence, for a body of water near the pole the tidal hour 
of any place upon it is very nearly determined by first connecting this place with 
the center of gravity of the surface and then noting what meridian is parallel to 
this line. The amplitudes of Kj and O, will be very nearly equal to the above numer- 
ical coefficients of g multiplied by the distance, expressed in feet, from the no-tide 
point to the given station. 

If the boundaries of the equilibrating body are supposed to follow Nansen's 
assumed 200-meter curve from off Point Barrow to Nova Zembla, to pass thence 
through Franz Josef Land and Northern Spitzbergen Islands, and to follow the north- 
ern coasts of Greenland, Grant Land, the Arctic Archipelago, and Alaska, the position 
of the center of gravity of the surface thus defined will be 85° N. and 162° W. (See 
Fig. 2.) 

The theoretical values for K^ and Oj, computed in the above manner and upon 
this assumption of deep water, are given here together with the observed values. 



station. 


Tidal hour. 


AmpUtude. 


K, or 0, 
computed. 


observed. 


Oi 
observed. 


computed. 


Ki 

observed. 


0, 

computed. 


Oi 
observed. 


Cape Morris Jesup 


0.70 
1.84 
2.15 
2.30 
9.40 
10.32 

15.42 
21.12 
22.84 
22.89 


cir. 3 

22.77 
23. 95 

1.39 
10.25 

9.55 


cir. 2 
21.15 
22.63 
23.37 
12.72 
11.76 


Feet. 
0.17 
0.17 
0.15 
0.14 
0.24 
0.22 

0.17 
0.20 
0.25 
0.25 


Feet. 

"'6.' 32" 

0.16 
0.17 
0.08 
0.05 

'" o.'io' 

0.24 
0.23 


Feet. 
0.12 
0.12 
0.11 
0.10 
0.17 
0.16 

0.12 
0.14 
0.18 
0.18 


Feet. 

"6." 14" 

0.09 
0.11 
0.09 
0.05 

"6.' 64" 

0.07 
0.09 






Point Aldrich 


Flaxman Island 


Point Bari'ow. . . . 


Bennett Island (Rudder 

Point) 

Teplitz Bay 

Treurenberg 

MosselBay 


21.85 
16.88 
14.86 


23.42 
3.54 
3.26 





REPRODUCTION OF 
D'fERIDTJOF^NANSEN'S 

Bathymetrical Chart 

OF 

IS^ORTH Polar Seas. 




62730—11. (To face page 98.) 



Fig. 2. 



DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF RESULTS. 99 

From this approximate agreement as to the times between theory and observa- 
tion one might be led to infer that the unknown polar region consists entirely of a 
deep ocean (Nansen's hypothesis). But, as already noted, deep channels of water 
surroundmg land, islands, or shoals would have nearly the same equilibrium tide as 
a deep basin having the same outer boundaries, and here only have tidal observa- 
tions been made. In other words, a nucleus of land does not affect the equilibrium 
tides in any sufficiently deep body of water, unless the center of gravity of the water's 
surface be displaced because of this land. 

The diurnal tides at Port Virgo, Treurenberg, and Mossel Bay are closely related 
to those at Vardo, Fineide, Kabelvaag, Bodo, and Bergen on the coast of Norway, as 
the values of K^" — 0^° and OJK^ establish beyond all reasonable doubt. These 
diurnal waves progress in a northeasterly direction and so are not Arctic tides in 
origin. 

The Kj and O^ at Teplitz Bay are largely equilibrium tides of the Arctic Ocean. 
A derived wave sets out in a southerly direction, producing the principal portion of 
the diurnal tides at Cape Flora. 

The observations at Bennett Island are too few for enabling one to separate 
the Ki- and Oi- waves. The observed tidal hour of the diurnal wave is about XVII 
and the observed tropic range is 0.3 foot; that is, about one-half of the value com- 
puted on the assumption of an extended polar basin. This tidal hour shows that the 
Bennett Island diurnal wave does not consist entirely of the diurnal wave transmit- 
ted from the vicinity of Teplitz Bay, where the K^- hour is XXI. 85 and the Oj- hour 
is XXIII. 42. It indicates, rather, that the diurnal tides at Bennett Island originate 
in the near-by deep portion of the Arctic Ocean lying between Bennett Island, Franz 
Josef Land, and Grant Land. The small range of the diurnal wave at Bennett 
Island does not appear to be reconcilable with the hypothesis of an uninterrupted 
broad and deep basin extending from this island to the Arctic Archipelago of America. 
The small range of the diurnal tide at Pitlekaj is a further strong argument, if not a 
positive proof, against the hypothesis of generally deep water between the Arctic 
coast of eastern Siberia and the Arctic Archipelago. 

As already noted, the diurnal tide occurs at Point Barrow about one hour 
earlier than at Flaxman Island, indicating that one portion of this wave comes from 
the west. The ratio OJK^ is 0.97 for Point Barrow, L14 for Flaxman Island, and 
1.10 for Pitlekaj; the corresponding ratio between the forces is 0.711. The value 
of Ki°-Oi° is -33° for Pomt Barrow, -38° for Flaxman Island, and -24° for 
Teplitz Bay. For Whiter Harbor, Melville Island, OJK^ = 0.45, K,° - 0^° = 138°. 

Upon the hypothesis that the northern coast of Beaufort Sea lies 6J degrees 
away from its southern or Alaskan coast, there would be implied an equilibrium 
diurnal tide having at Flaxman Island a tropic range of 0.2 foot and XI as the tidal 
hour. The equilibrium tide at Point BarroAv would, upon this hypothesis, be much 
smaller than that at Flaxman Island. 



100 ARCTIC TIDES. 

The range of the semidaily tide being 2.5 feet at Bennett Island and 0.4 foot 
at Point Barrow would seem to make reasonable the assumption that a 0.3-foot 
diurnal tide at the former place may become a 0.1-foot diurnal tide atthelatter. 
Assuming an average depth of 70 fathoms, the time required for the transmission 
of a wave over 15° of a great circle, which is about the distance from Bennett Island 
to Point Barrow, is 13 hours. This added to XVII will give VI as the tidal hour 
of the small derived tide at Point Barrow. VI combined vfith. the time of the 
equilibrium portion already mentioned will make the diurnal tidal hour somewhat 
less than XL The acceleration is probably chiefly in the K^— wave, because the 
ratio Oi/Ki is known to be small for the northern coasts of Spitzbergen Islands and 
Franz Josef Land. This may help to explain why the tidal hour of the K^ — wave 
is less than that of the Oi— wave at Point Barrow and Flaxman Island; that is, 
why the age of the dim-nal tide is there negative. 

There remains to be considered a portion of the diurnal wave coming from the 
east through McClure Strait. The tidal hours for K^ and O^ at Winter Harbor are 
XXV.20 and XVI.07, the latter probably being xmreliable. Adding, say, four hours 
to the former, we have XXIX or V as the K^ — tidal hour for northern Alaska. At 
Winter Harbor the ratio OJK^ is small in comparison with its theoretical value 
0.711. This, also, may help to explain the acceleration in Kj, and so the negative 
age, for the northern coast of Alaska. 

The small amplitudes of Kj and O^ observed at Point Barrow, Flaxman Island, 
and Pitlekaj prove that the imknown lands or shoals seriously interfere with and 
obstruct the diurnal tides in the Arctic Ocean. For greater reason the semidaily 
tides must be obstructed by the same obstacle. 

The observed diurnal tides at Point Aldrich agree fairly well with their theo- 
retical values (based upon the deep-water assumption) in both time and amplitude, 
as is shown in the above table. 

The fact that the diurnal tides at Cape Sheridan are a trifle smaller than at 
Point Aldrich proves that not all of the diurnal tide at Point Aldrich is transmitted 
through Robeson Channel, although a portion of it probably is. Whatever part is 
so transmitted would go to making the resultant or observed tide at Point Aldrich 
earlier than the computed equilibrium tide. The reverse would probably be true 
for any diurnal tide which may be transmitted westerly and northwesterly from 
Lancaster and Jones sounds aroimd the northern coast of Grant Land to Point 
Aldrich. However, the diurnal tide from this source is probably negligible. The 
value of Ki° — Oi° at Point Aldrich agrees well with that at Fort Conger and Polaris 
Bay, indicating Robeson Channel influence; but the ratio OJK^ is almost twice as 
great at Point Aldrich as at the places just named, indicating deep-water influence 
to the north. It seems to be practically certain that the observed diurnal tide at 
Point Aldrich consists partly of an equilibrium tide from the deep waters to the 
northward and partly of a tide transmitted up through Robeson Channel. It would 
thus follow that the equilibrium portion of the tide, whatever may be the geography 



DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF KESULTS. 101 

of the Arctic Ocean, must be later than the observed resultant tide and smaller in 
amplitude; its tidal hour may be as great as IV or V. But the existence of a large 
tract of land northwestward from Grant Land would doubtless reduce the size of 
the equilibrium tides at Point Aldrich and those occurring along the coast line 
farther westward, where no observations have been taken; for, the size of the equi- 
librating body of water would then be materially reduced, while the openings leading 
away from it, remaining the same as before, could the more readily reduce the' size 
of the equilibrium portion of the tide. The land distribution shown upon the cotidal 
chart would imply a diurnal tidal hour of about IV or V. 

The fact that the diurnal tide at Point Aldrich is larger than the diurnal tide 
at Point Barrow and Flaxman Island indicates that a larger deep basin of water 
exists north of Greenland and Grant Land than north of Alaska. 

The diurnal tide at Cape Morris Jesup is a little later than the diurnal tide at 
Point Aldrich. The fact that it is quite as large, notwithstanding its proximity to 
the opening between Peary Land and Spitzbergen Islands shows that it must come 
largely through Robeson Channel via Cape Bryant. This appears reasonable from 
the fact that the diurnal range diminishes in going from Cape Bryant to Cape Morris 
Jesup, while the time becomes several hours later. 

The manner in which the diurnal tide from Baffin Bay joins the diurnal tide of 
the Arctic Ocean can be seen upon comparing the tidal hours for stations along the 
Arctic coast with the tidal hour at Fort Conger. Peary's observations show that 
the diurnal tide at Cape Bryant, Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, and Cape Morris 
Jesup follows that at Fort Conger by respective intervals of 3^, 5, 6, and 8 hours. 
The ratio OJKi is 0.32 at Fort Conger, 0.44 at Cape Bryant, 0.56 at Cape Sheridan, 
and 0.65 at Point Aldrich. 

At Tephtz Bay the ratio OJK^ approaches more nearly to the ratio between 
the corresponding forces than is the case at Cape Flora. 

CONCERNING NANSEN's HYPOTHESIS THAT DEEP WATER EXTENDS CONTINUOUSLY FROM 
SPITZBERGEN TO ALASKA. 

The semidaily tidal hour for Cape Morris Jesup is XII. 68 and for Port Virgo 
XII. 56. The direct distance from a point midway between these two stations to 
Flaxman Island is 26^°. The distance following a more circuitous route, which 
about coincides with the line of assumed deepest water measures 28° or 29°, the 
assumed average depth in this case is greater than 3,000 meters, or 1,640 fathoms. 
(See Fig. 2.) 

The rate of wave propagation in depths of 1,640 fathoms is 344 nautical miles 
per lunar hour, or about 5.7°. The required time of transmission can not, therefore, 
be greater than 28J-h5.7 = 5 lunar hours. This added to XII. 6 gives V.6 as the 
tidal hour for the northern coast of Alaska. Observation makes it out to be IX.5 
instead. A greater average depth would give a still greater discrepancy. The 
rather sudden termination of this assumed basin off the northern coast of Alaska 
also adds to the discrepancy by accelerating the times of the tides. 



102 ARCTIC TIDES. 

The flood tide at Point Barrow would, according to Nansen's hypothesis, have 
to come from the north, and not from the Avest as observation has estabUshed. 

With a deep polar basin extending from Franz Josef Land to Alaska, the range 
of tide along the Alaskan coast could hardly differ much from that found at Teplitz 
Bay and Bennett Island, whereas observation shows it to be scarcely one-half as 
great. The very small semidaily tide found at Pitlekaj does not favor the hypothesis 
in question. 

Large diurnal equilibrium tides would, under the hypothesis in question, be set 
up between Franz Josef Land and the northern coast of Alaska, the length of the 
basin being 28°. The tidal hour at these two ends would be — III, or XXI, and IX. 
The equilibrium amplitude of the diurnal tides for a polar basin 28°, or 10,214,400 
feet, long would be 0.22 foot for the Kj — wave and 0.16 foot for the Oi — wave. 
The estimated times of the equilibrium tides agree fairly well with the observed 
times as can be seen from the observed tidal hours for Tephtz Bay, Point Barrow, 
and Flaxman Island. But the fact that the diurnal tide reaches Point Barrow 
nearly an hour earlier than it reaches Flaxman Island can not be accounted for by 
Nansen's hypothesis. The observed amplitudes of the K^— and Oi — waves at these 
three places average only 0.08 and 0.06, respectively, or about one-third of their 
equilibriimi values. This fact alone disproves the hypothesis. 

Nansen's hypothesis necessitates diurnal tides at Pitlekaj of at least the size of 
the theoretical values at Flaxman Island. Observation shows that at Pitlekaj 
Ki = 0.04 foot and Oi = 0.04 foot, which values are about one-fifth or one-fourth of 
what might have been expected from the equilibrium theory. 

Regarding the hypothetical Arctic basin extending from Franz Josef Land to 
the northern coast of Alaska as five component hours in length, or 5/24 X, X 
denoting wave length for given depth and period, the equilibrium amplitude should 
be increased by the factor 1.17 on account of wave motion.* This may, however, 
be about offset by the yielding of the solid earth which the diurnal tides at Lake 
Superior put in evidence. 

The shelving edges would increase the range of the equilibrium tides while 
broken boundaries would diminish it. 

If Doctor Nansen's hypothesis were correct, there can be no doubt that at 
Flaxman Island the ratio Oj/Ki would approach 0.711, and Ki° — Oi° would be a 
small angle and probably positive. Observation shows that Oi/Ki = 1.14, and 
Ki° — Oi°= — 38°. The corresponding quantities for Point Barrow are 0.97 and 
-33°. For Duluth, Lake Superior, Oi/Ki = 0.719 and K°-0^°^r.1. 

The diurnal tidal hour at Bennett Island would, according to Nansen's hypothe- 
sis, be XVI and for Cape Columbia IV hours. The distance from Bennett Island to 
the northern coast of Prince Patrick Island, Isachsen Land, Axel Heiberg Island, and 
Grant Land is 19°. The computed and observed times are in fair agreement for 
Bennett Island, but the discrepancy is significant for Cape Columbia. 

*Cf. p. 268, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1907 (Manual, Pt. V). 



DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF RESULTS. 103 

The theoretical amplitudes of Ki and Oj for a polar basin 19° across are 0.151 
and 0.110 foot, respectively. These computed amplitudes suit the amplitudes at 
Cape Columbia very well. They are, however, about twice as great as those observed 
at Bennett Island. 

The shoals north of Bennett Island probably aid in increasing the range of the 
semidaily tide to 2.5 feet; this range measures only 1.1 feet at Teplitz Bay. The 
same shoaling doubtless increases the range of the diurnal wave somewhat. 
Yet, as already noted, the observed diurnal range is much smaller than the 
equilibrium value. 

The decided westward drift observed by Mikkelsen and LefEngwell off the 
northern coast of Alaska is alone strong evidence against Nansen's hypothesis of an 
unobstructed polar basin. 

The westerly direction taken by the Jeannette, especially during the last five 
months of her drifting, does not suggest unobstructed deep water to the northward 
of eastern Siberia. 

The time required by casks deposited off Point Barrow and off Cape Bathurst 
to reach their destinations on the northeastern coast of Iceland and the northern 
coast of Norway, viz., about five and one-half and eight and one-fourth years, 
respectively, while not disproving, certainly do not favor the hypothesis in question. 

o 



'^c\. 



t^J \ \ \ \ 




U, S. Coast and Geodetic Si 

COTIDAL LINES 

FOR THE 

ARCTIC REGIONS 



IE 'II 



